1. Greenhouse Effect

3. http://royal.okanagan.bc.ca/mpidwirn/atmosphereandclimate/cascade.html

4. Natural Greenhouse Effect With Greenhouse Effect average global temperature 60 degrees Without it, Earth would be a frigid planet, with average temperature around zero degrees Fahrenheit

5. CO 2 CFCs CH 4 Increased Greenhouse Gases in the Troposphere Excess heat

6. Greenhouse Gases Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Ozone CFC’s Hydrofluorocarbons Perfluorinated carbons Water vapour

7. Average Temperature Over Past 130 Years Year Average Surface Temperature (°C) 186018801900192019401960198020002020 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0

8. Carbon dioxide Temperature change End of last ice age 16012080400 Thousands of Years Before Present Concentration of CO 2 in the Atmosphere (ppm) 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 –10.0 –7.5 –5.0 –2.5 0 +2.5 Variation of temperature (˚C) from current level

9. Year 199020002025205020752100 100 150 200 250 Index (1900 = 100) Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide

10. Measurements made at Mauna Loa, Hawaii; elevation = 12,000 feet

12. Contribution to Greenhouse Effect

14. Top Greenhouse Gas Emitters 19.1 % - United States 9.9% - China 5.1% - Japan 4.3% - Brazil 3.8 % - Germany 3.7% - Japan 2.4% - United Kingdom 1.9% - Indonesia 1.7% - Italy

15. Weather Ocean currents Sea level Water resources Biodiversity Forests Human health Agriculture Human demographics

16. Increased deaths from heat and disease Disruption of food and water supplies Spread of tropical diseases to temperate areas Increased respiratory disease Increased water pollution from coastal flooding Human Health Rising sea levels Flooding of low-lying islands and coastal cities Flooding of coastal estuaries, wetlands, and coral reefs Beach erosion Disruption of coastal fisheries Contamination of coastal aquifiers with salt water Sea Level and Coastal Areas Changes in forest composition and locations Disappearance of some forests Increased fires from drying Loss of wildlife habitat and species Forests Changes in water supply Decreased water quality Increased drought Increased flooding Water Resources Shifts in food-growing areas Changes in crop yields Increased irrigation demands Increased pests, crop diseases, and weeds in warmer areas Agriculture Extinction of some plant and animal species Loss of habitats Disruption of aquatic life Biodiversity Prolonged heat waves and droughts Increased flooding More intense hurricanes, typhoons, tornadoes, and violent storms Weather Extremes Increased deaths More environmental refugees Increased migration Human Population

17. Heat waves and periods of unusually warm weather Sea level rise and coastal flooding Glaciers melting Arctic and Antarctic warming with ice shelves breaking up Increase severity of weather Zooplankton are dying in the Pacific Ocean

18. Antarctica Cold water melting from Antarctica's ice cap and icebergs falls to the ocean floor and surges northward, affecting worldwide circulation. Cold water melting from Antarctica's ice cap and icebergs falls to the ocean floor and surges northward, affecting worldwide circulation. Greenland

19. Today’s sea level Years before presentPresent 250,000200,000150,000100,00050,0000 –130 0 –426 0 Height above or below present sea level (meters) Height below present sea level (feet)

20. If all the ice on Greenland melted, world sea levels would rise about six metres (20 feet) If all the ice on the Antarctic continent melted, sea levels would rise over 70 metres (230 feet) This is unlikely to happen, but small increases will continue.

21. Spreading disease Earlier spring arrival Plant and animal range shifts and population declines Coral reef bleaching Downpours, heavy snowfalls, and flooding Droughts and fires

22. Global warming may harm human health November 16, 1998 Climatic changes related to global warming could foster dangerous outbreaks of cholera, dengue fever and malaria, … http://www.cnn.com/TECH/science/9811/16/climate.health.enn/index.htmltp://www.cnn.com/TECH/science/9811/16/climate.health.enn/index.html

23. Study: Global warming spurs migrations Thursday, January 2, 2003 Rising global temperatures that have lured plants into early bloom and birds to nest earlier in the spring are altering the ranges and behavior of hundreds of plant and animal species worldwide, two studies conclude. http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/science/01/02/climate.migrations.ap/index.html http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/science/01/02/climate.migrations.ap/index.html

24. Vicious cycle: Global warming feeds fire potential November 2, 2000 Global warming may greatly accelerate the fire cycle in the desert ecosystem of North America, according to a study published today in the journal Nature. Elevated carbon dioxide levels, the result of increased fossil fuel burning, can alter the delicate balance of grasses in desert areas, the report notes. This finding may have major implications for the biodiversity and health of desert ecosystems in the western United States. "This could be a real problem for land managers," said Stan Smith, a professor of biology at the University of Nevada in Las Vegas and lead author of the study. http://www.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/11/02/global.warming.enn/index.html http://www.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/11/02/global.warming.enn/index.html

25. http://www.soton.ac.uk/~engenvir/environment/air/greenhouse.problems.html

26. Goals of Kyoto Protocol Reduction of greenhouse gases to below 1990 levels: 5.2% world wide reduction on average by 2008-2012 6% for Canada by 2008-2012 When sufficient countries ratify the Protocol (at least 55 countries comprising at least 55% of emissions), Protocol comes into effect USA - 25% of emissions

27. Kyoto Emissions Agreement

28. History of Global Warming 1992: In June of 1992, over 100 government leaders, representatives from 170 countries, and some 30,000 participants met in Rio de Janeiro at the U.N. Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED or the "Earth Summit").

29. History of Global Warming There, an international assembly formally recognized the need to integrate economic development and environmental protection into the goal of sustainable development.

30. History of Global Warming 1997: In December, 1997, more than 160 nations met in Kyoto, Japan, to negotiate binding limitations on greenhouse gases for the developed nations, pursuant to the objectives of the Framework Convention on Climate Change of 1992.

31. History of Global Warming The outcome of the meeting was the Kyoto Protocol, in which the developed nations agreed to limit their greenhouse gas emissions, relative to the levels emitted in 1990. The United States agreed to reduce emissions from 1990 levels by 7 percent during the period 2008 to 2012.

32. History of Global Warming Also that year, the United States Senate unanimously passed the Hagel-Byrd Resolution notifying the Clinton Administration that the Senate would not ratify any treaty that would (a) impose mandatory greenhouse gas emissions reductions for the United States without also imposing such reductions for developing nations, or (b) result in serious harm to our economy.

33. History of Global Warming 2001: The IPCC released its third assessment report, concluding on the basis of "new and stronger evidence that most of the observed warming over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities." They also observed that "the globally averaged surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius over the period 1990 to 2100."

34. History of Global Warming The same year, President George W. Bush announced that the United States would not ratify the Kyoto Protocol. The Protocol is now in limbo until one of the two crucial holdouts — Russia or the United States — will ratify the treaty.