2. Resident Physics Lectures Christensen, Chapter 2C Production of X-Rays George David Associate Professor Department of Radiology Medical College of Georgia

3. The Atomic Nucleus Protons + Charges # protons = atomic # (Z) Neutrons  No charge  Mass about the same as proton Atomic Weight(mass)= # protons + # neutrons + + + ~ ~ ~

4. kVp = kilovolts peak peak kilovoltage applied across x-ray tube voltage applied across x-ray tube pulses and varies  single phase  three phase * Single Phase Three Phase kVp

5. keV = kilo-electron volt energy of an electron Kinetic energy Higher energy electron moves faster Electrons can be manipulated by electric fields  Accelerated  Steered +

6. Orbital Electrons Electrons - charges very small mass compared with protons / neutrons ShellsElectrons reside only at certain energy levels or Shells Designations start at K shell K shell closest to nucleus L shell next closest Shells proceed up from K, L, M, N, etc. Except for K shell, all shells contain sub-shells - - - + + ~ ~ + ~ K L

7. Binding Energy energy required to remove orbital electron from atom Negative electrons attracted to positive nucleus more binding energy for shells closer to nucleus  K shell has highest binding force higher atomic # materials (higher Z) result in more binding energy  more positive charge in nucleus - - - + + ~ ~ + ~ K L

8. Electron Shells (cont.) Electrons can only reside in a shell  electron has exactly the energy associated with its shell  electrons attempt to reside in lowest available energy shell - - - + + ~ ~ + ~ K L -

9. The Shell Game Electrons can move from shell to shell to move to higher energy shell requires energy input equal to difference between shells - - - + + ~ ~ + ~ K L - Requires energy input! *

10. The Shell Game (cont.) to move to a lower energy shell requires the release of energy equal to the difference between shells  characteristic x-rays - - - - + + ~ ~ + ~ K L Energy released

11. X-Ray Production(cont.) X-Rays are produced in the x-ray tube by two distinct processes  Characteristic radiation  Bremsstrahlung

12. Characteristic Radiation Occurs whenever electrons drop into lower shell Inner shell has lower energy state Energy difference between shells emitted as characteristic x-ray  0-28% of total x-ray beam energy - - - + + ~ ~ + ~ K L -

13. Characteristic Radiation High speed electron from cathode slams into target knocking out inner shell orbital electron orbital electron removed from atom electrons from higher energy shells cascade down to fill vacancies Characteristic x-rays emitted. - - - + + ~ ~ + ~ K L - +

14. Characteristic Radiation Consists only of discrete x- ray energies corresponding to energy difference between electron shells of target Specific energies are characteristic of target material for tungsten 59 keV corresponds to the difference in energy between K and L shells - - - + + ~ ~ + ~ K L -

15. Characteristic Radiation (cont.) threshold energy required for incident electron (from cathode) to eject orbital electron = electron’s binding energy + + ~ ~ + ~ K L - -

16. Bremsstrahlung interaction of moving electron with nucleus of target atoms Positive nucleus causes moving electron to change speed / direction Kinetic energy lost Emitted in form of Bremsstrahlung x-ray - - - + + ~ ~ + ~ K L -

17. Bremsstrahlung (cont.) braking radiationBremsstrahlung means braking radiation Moving electrons have many Bremsstrahlung reactions »small amount of energy lost with each - - - + + ~ ~ + ~ K L -

18. Bremsstrahlung (cont.) Energy lost by moving electron is random & depends on  distance from nucleus  charge (Z) of nucleus Bremsstrahlung Energy Spectrum 0 - peak kilovoltage (kVp) applied to x-ray tube  most x-ray photons low energy  lowest energy photons don’t escape tube »easily filtered by tube enclosures or added filtration

19. Beam Intensity Product of  # photons in beam  energy per photon Units  Roentgens (R) per unit time  Measure of ionization rate of air Depends on  kVp  mA  target material  filtration  waveform

20. Intensity & Target Material higher target atomic # results in greater x-ray production efficiency  higher positive charge of nucleus causes more Bremsstrahlung discrete energies of characteristic radiation determined by anode material  Energy differences between shells  molybdenum used in mammo »characteristic radiation of 17 & 19 keV

21. Intensity & Technique beam intensity proportional to mA beam Intensity ~ proportional to kVp 2 + filament voltage source high voltage source