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Neuroscience and Behavior 1 The Biology of the Mind
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How do they transmit information? 2 What are neurons?
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Nerve cells ◦ Basic building blocks of the body’s information processing system. Made up of ◦ Dendrites ◦ Axons 3 Neurons
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Receive information 4 Dendrites
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Transmit information to other ◦ Neurons ◦ Muscles ◦ Glands 5 Axon fibers
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Chemical messengers (neurotransmitters ) bridge the gap 7 Synapse (Synaptic gap)
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Enable communicati on between neurons 8 Neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters (similar to morphine) Reduces pain ◦ E.g. Childbirth 9 Endorphins
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What do these parts do? 10 What are the parts of your nervous system?
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Central nervous system ◦ Brain and spinal column Peripheral nervous system ◦ Links central nervous system (spinal cord) to sense receptors, muscles and glands 11 Nervous system
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12 Nervous system
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Sympathetic nervous system (Arousing) ◦ Increases heartbeat & blood pressure Parasympathetic nervous system (Calming) 13 Peripheral Nervous System
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Brain and spinal column Severed spinal cord E.g. ◦ Bill - No genital sensations, but has an erection when stimulated. 14 Central Nervous system
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Simple reflex pathway ◦ Knee-jerk reaction A headless warm body could do it 15 Reflex
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Older Brain Structures Brainstem the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. Responsible for automatic survival functions.
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Brain Stem Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing. Reticular Formation a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.
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Cerebellum Coordinates movements
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Cerebral cortex
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Cerebral cortex comparison Best distinguishes us from other animals
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Association areas of cortex
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Phineas gage Damage to frontal lobe
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Sensory & Motor cortex
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Visual & auditory cortex
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Reading out loud
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Hearing, Seeing,Speaking
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Corpus Callosum Transmits information from one cerebral hemisphere to the other
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Internal brain Overview
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Amygdala Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to emotion of fear and anger.
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Hypothalamus Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking body temperature, and emotions. Helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
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Creating images of the brain’s activity 31 Recording the brain’s activity
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Electroencephalogram (EEG) Brain waves - Recording electrical activity
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◦ CT scan ◦ PET scan ◦ MRI scan 33 Brain imaging techniques (creating images)
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Computed tomography X-ray photographs 34 CT Scan
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Magnetic fields and radio waves create images of the brain’s soft tissues. Normal Schizophrenic 35 MRI Scan (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
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Positron emission tomography scan Radioactive glucose 36 PET Scan
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