1. Looking at Policies: Policy Instruments and Cost Effectiveness
Chapter Nine Overview
Done By:
Rawan Habeeballah

2. Creating Policies
There are three approaches through which leaders can examine policies in order to bring into focus policy structures and the way in which those policies will benefit the school system.
Using all three approaches together provides a powerful instrument that educators use towards creating the best possible system for their students.

3. Three Approaches to Policy Making
Lowi’s Techniques of Control
McDonnell and Elmore’s Policy Instruments
Levin and McEwan’s Ingredients Method

4. Lowi’s Techniques of Control
Benjamin Ginsberg refined the original thesis in
Asserts there are three basic types of policies:
Distributive policy
Regulatory policy
Redistributive policy

5. The Three Basic Types Of Policies
Distributive policy
Regulatory policy
Redistributive policy
Gives to the population.
Can be used to create control over the population through influencing behaviors.
A good example of this is the federal school lunch program.
Strategies: focusing on ways in which to make sure that the system becomes equitable.
A way of expressing formalized rules that can be applied to the population.
Will influence different people depending on the actions that are required.
Requires the superintendent identify competitors and make sure that the possible scenario is achieved through looking at the issue pragmatically rather than ideologically.
Shifts resources or power from one social group to another social group.
Its political goal concerns economic shifting, but at other times it is concerned with power.
Types of redistributive policies:
The manipulation of taxes
A voucher system
The desegregation
Strategies: should look at best possible outcomes for children as well as the stakeholders involved.

6. McDonnell and Elmore’s Policy Instruments
Come from an argument that there are four alternative policy instruments that must be considered in terms of policy goals:
1. Mandates
Requirements for behavior in a specific social group and a penalty for those who fail to comply.
2. Inducements
Involve transfer of money in return for services or goods that will be rendered.
3. Capacity building
Involves the exchange of money for some form of human resources.
4. System changing
Provides for the exchange of authority to different individuals and agencies.

7. Levin and McEwan’s Ingredients Method
Involves the analysis of policies in terms of tangible costs:
Personnel
Facilities
Required client inputs
This is the final instrument that would be involved as an administrator would begin to work towards creating policies.
This could be broken down in terms of defining the type of policy, defining its purpose, and then finally defining its costs.