1. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 1 Modelling Intellectual Processes: The object-orient FRBR Model Martin Doerr Gothenburg, Sweden September 12, 2006 Corrections made 25 January 2008 Center for Cultural Informatics Institute of Computer Science Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas CIDOC 2007

2. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 2  The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) is a core ontology aiming to integrate cultural heritage information.  The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) is a core ER model to integrate library information.  Libraries document literature in order to facilitate access to it.  Museum objects are referred to and published in literature. Literature describes the museum objects, their context and theories about and related to them. Literature describes subjects that are exemplified or illustrated by museum objects.  Museum documentation classifies and describes museum objects, their context and relevance. It refers to literature. Museums produce regularly literature. Libraries may also produce literature.  Libraries may document and curate rare objects as museums do. The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Library and Museum Information

3. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 3 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Library and Museum Information  Documentation tasks of museums and libraries overlap.  Museum and library information has complex interrelations. Museum and library information overlaps, and otherwise is different.  Museums and libraries can learn from each others methodology.  Research needs an integrated view on museum and library information  There was no common conceptual model or machine-readable language to integrate rich museum and library information. DC is a good format, but often too simple. MARC is detailed, but used only by libraries. There are the models of FRBR, FRAD, CIDOC CRM.

4. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 4 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization The Harmonization Project  Formation in 2003 of the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation:  A collaboration of CIDOC CRM-SIG and the IFLA FRBR Review Group.  To express the IFLA FRBR model with the concepts, ontological methodology and notation conventions provided by the CIDOC CRM.  To facilitate the integration, mediation and interchange of bibliographic and museum information.  After 7 meetings, a first complete draft of “FRBR OO ” for public comment. Definition available as text in the format of the CRM.  Other forms: A comprehensive text with all related CRM definitions and complete mappings FRBR ER to FRBR OO, OWL/RDF files, VISIO graphics.  Work continues with FRAR (Functional Requirements for Authority Records)

5. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 5 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization CRM  The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM)  developed since 1996 by CIDOC / ISO TC46, ISO 21127 by 2006  a core ontology aiming to integrate cultural heritage information  Innovations:  centre descriptions not around the things, but around the events that connect people, material and immaterial things in space-time.  explicit description of the discourse on relations between identifiers and the identified.  typologies modeled both as classification means and as objects of the cultural-historical discourse.  Lacks: a model of intellectual work

6. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 6 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization FRBR  The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)  developed 1992-1997 by IFLA, now being complemented by the Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD)  A core ER model to integrate library objects by content relation  Might result in a new library practice  Innovations:  Definition of stages/ abstraction levels of intellectual products: Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item.  Clusters publications and items around the notion of derivation and common conceptual origin across stages / abstraction levels.  Lacks: any explicit notion of the processes behind. Partially ambiguous definitions (overgeneralization).

7. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 7 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization FRBR : Abstraction Levels Work Expression Manifestation Item has part is realized through (is a realization of) has part is embodied in (is the embodiment of ) has part is exemplified by (exemplifies ) has part has a complement has a successor has a summary has a supplement has a transformation has adaptation has an imitation “a distinct intellectual or artistic creation… there is no single material object one can point to as the work...” “the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc” “the physical embodiment of an expression of a work…all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics… …may be only a single physical exemplar…” “a single exemplar of a manifestation...” has a complement has a successor has a summary has a supplement has a transformation has adaptation has an imitation

8. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 8 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization clarification of Work concepts The substance of Work is concepts (the idea). Only through the comprehension of the concepts derivation is possible. Individual Work: A self-contained set of concepts (“completed”) Complex Work: Continuation (possibly by others), complements, alternatives, translations ! Container Work: Incorporating unaltered work. The Publisher’s work is a Work ! Serial Work: Coherent, open ended series/serials F1 Work F15 Complex Work F14 Individual Work R1 is logical successor of (has successor) R2 is derivative of (has derivative) F20 Performance Work F21 Recording Work F16 Container Work F18 Serial Work F17 Aggregation Work R10 has member (is member of) E28 Conceptual Object F19 Publication Work

9. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 9 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization clarification of Expression concepts The substance of Expression is signs (the “text”). An Expression can be “complete”. The kinds of signs/features that identify an Expression depend on the function. Self-Contained ~: “Complete” – either according to author or unfinished. Fragment ~: Any piece, in relation to the whole. Publication ~: Text, layout, illustrations,… F25 Performance Plan F2 Expression F22 Self Contained Expression F26 Recording F23 Expression Fragment R15 has component (is component of) R14 incorporates (is incorporated in) E73 Information Object R15 is fragment of (has fragment) F24 Publication Expression

10. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 10 F1 Work F1 Work F1 Work F14 Individual Work F15 Complex Work F22 Self-Contained Expression R3 is realized in (realises) R10 has member (is member of) F1 Work F22 Self-Contained Expression The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Work and Expression Self-Contained Expression = Evidence of Individual Work Complex Work = Coherent set of Individual Works (not “complex”) R3 is realized in (realises) R3 is realized in (realises)

11. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 11 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization clarification of Manifestation concepts Item Item Manifestation Product Type is a class of like items (the publication) An Item is single exemplar of a Manifestation Product Type. ManifestationSingleton F3 Manifestation Product Type An Manifestation Singleton is an “original”. It may be a feature (e.g. Inscription) E55 Type E24 Physical Man-Made Stuff E84 Information Carrier immaterial material

12. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 12 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization The “Externalization”, material / immaterial E28ConceptualObject E84InformationCarrier E24PhysicalMan-MadeThing E65CreationE12Production F28 Expression Creation F2 Expression F22 Self Contained Expression F23 Expression Fragment F4 Manifestation Singleton F14 Individual Work F15 Complex Work F1 Work F5 Item F3 Manifestation Production Type F32 Carrier ProductionEvent R19 created a realization of R9 is realized in R18 created R4 comprises carriers of R7 is example of R17 created R28 produced (was produced by)

13. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 13 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conception and “Externalization” Work conceptionExpression creation Work elaboration produces a work produces an idea Produces (simultaneously) an Expression and a Manifestation-Singleton F28 Expression Creation F27 Work Conception F1 Work E39 Actor E52 Time E53 Place F2 Expression F4 Manifestation Singleton R16 initiated (was initiated by) P14 carried out by (performed) P4 has time-span (is time-span of) P7… R17 created (was created by) R18 created (was created by) P4… P7 took place at (witnessed) P14 carried out by (performed) R19 created a realisation of (was realised through) time

14. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 14 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Work and Expression – short-cuts F15 Complex Work Walt Whitman’s Leaves of grass F15 Complex Work Walt Whitman’s Leaves of grass “deathbed edition” F14 Individual Work Abstract content of translation Walt Whitman’s Leaves of grass “deathbed edition” into French by Leon Bazalgette F22 Self-Contained Expression Text of the French translation of Walt Whitman’s Leaves of grass “deathbed edition” by Leon Bazalgette F28 Expression Creation Translation Walt Whitman’s Leaves of grass “deathbed edition” into French by Leon Bazalgette R10 has member (is member of) R10 has member (is member of) R19B was realised through (created a realisation of) R17 created (was created by) R3 is realized in (realises) R9 is realised in (realises)

15. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 15 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Container Work – What is the Expression? The Container Work adds Expression: may cause Work with empty expression! The collected expressions are integral part of the container F16 Container Work Additional Expression Expression of Work X Expression of Work Y F16 Container Work & F14 Individual Work Expression of Work X Expression of Work Y Overall Expression R3 is realized in (realises) R3 is realized in (realises) inconsistent consistent Work X R3 is realised in (realises) R14 is Incorporated in R3 is realised in (realises)

16. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 16 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Publication Work - An Identity Crisis Publisher’s Level F14 Individual Work F22 Self-Contained Expression F19 Publication Work F24 Publication Expression F32 Carrier Production Event F5 Item F4 Manifestation Singleton F15 Complex Work “Oliver Twist” Idea “Oliver Twist” Completed “Oliver Twist” Text “Oliver Twist” Manuscript “Oliver Twist” Publication Concept “Oliver Twist” Publication content “Oliver Twist” Publication “Oliver Twist” Printing “Oliver Twist” 20 th Book R3 is realized in (realises) R3 is realized in (realises) CLR5 should carry (should be carried by) R7 is example of (has example) R41 produced (was produced by R27 used as source material (was used by) R10 has member (is member of) Author’s Level F30 Publication Event “Oliver Twist” published! R24 created (was created through) R26 produced things of type (was produced by) R14 incorporates (is incorporated in) P128 carries (is carried by) F3 Manifestation-Product Type R23 created a realization of (was realized through)

17. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 17 ISBN:960-86830-0-9 F5 Item E19 Physical Object F3 Manifestation Product Type E60 Number CLP57 should have number of parts (should be number of parts of) P57 has number of parts Individual copies Inherits from E19 Physical Object: P57 has number of parts 2 CPL57 should have number of parts (should be number of parts of) P57 has number of parts “R7 is example of” = instances R7 is example of (has example) Items are seen as instances of a particular Manifestation Product Type. This is simulated by property R7 1 3 … 2 n The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Manifestation Product Type - a Metaclass ! E55 Type instances Metaclasses particulars

18. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 18 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Equivalence Physical - Electronic Publishing Physical Publishing Electronic Publishing F24 Publication Expression F32 Carrier Production Event F5 Item CLR5 should carry (should be carried by) R7 is example of (has example) R27B was used by (used as source material) F30 Publication Event “Result of an industrial process” R28 produced (was produced by) R26 produced things of type (was produced by) makes accessible : “how to produce” “copy on local carrier” R24 created(was created through) R6 carries (is carried by) E29 Design or Procedure P16B was used for P94B was created by makes accessible: “how to download” F3 Manifestation-Product Type F24 Publication Expression F32 Carrier Production EventF5 Item R27B was used by (used as source material) F30 Publication Event R28 produced (was produced by) R24 created(was created through) R6 carries (is carried by) E29 Design or Procedure P16B was used for P94B was created by

19. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 19 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Reproduction F33 Reproduction Event E84 Information Carrier E12 Production R30 reproduced (was reproduced by) R29 reproduced (was reproduced by) “In general, the copy will have different attributes from the original… F33 Reproduction Event and F32 Carrier Production Event are not declared as disjoint…”

20. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 20 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization How to identify Work? F37 Representative Expression Assignment F1 Work F2 Expression F3 Manifestation Product Type F4 Manifestation-Singleton F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment R42 has representative manifestation-singleton ( is representative manifestation singleton for)* R41 has representative manifestation product type (is representative manifestation product type for) F44 Bibliographic Agency R43 carried out by (performed) R50 assign to (was assigned by) R49 assigned (was assigned by) R44 carried out by (performed) R51 assigned (was assigned by) R48 assigned to (was assigned by) R53 assigned (was assigned by) R4 comprises carriers of (carriers provided by) F22 Self-Contained Expression F23 Expression Fragment R15 is fragment of (has fragment) E39 Actor E13 Attribute Assignment *R42 has representative manifestation-singleton ( is representative manifestation singleton for) is a sub property of P128 carries (is carried by) F15 Complex Work R3 is realised in (realises) R40 has representative expression (is representative expression of)

21. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 21 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Library identifiers have structuring rules F12 Name = E41 Appellation F13 Identifier F40 Identifier Assignment F43 Identifier Rule R47 used constituent (was used in) E1 CRM Entity P1is identified by (identified) R8 consists of (forms part of) R46 assigned (was assigned by) R52B used rule (was the rule used in) R45 assigned to (was assigned by)

22. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 22 E7 Activity E13 Attribute Assignment E65 Creation E11 Modification F42 Representative Expression Assignment F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment F40 Identifier Assignment F30 Publication Event E12 Production E15 Identifier Assignment F28 Expression Creation F32 Reproduction Event F33 Carrier production Event The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Summary of new Activity Concepts F27 Work Conception E83 Type Creation

23. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 23 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results summary  Topics solved: — Explicit modeling of the processes behind FRBR attributes. — The substance of Work, Expression and Manifestation — Conception of a Work. What is its identity, its parts? Can a work be continued by other persons? Can it contain other Work, and in which sense? — Expression fragments, parts, aggregates and collections: criteria of completeness, containment, reuse and intellectual contribution. — What is the contribution and product of the publisher. — What is the first realization of a work in a symbolic form? What is the role of a manuscript, of a digital file, a written diskette in that process? — The equivalence of electronic and material publishing.

24. ICS-FORTH September 10, 2006 24 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conclusions  The combined model CRM – FRBR OO :  Is a coherent model of museum and library conceptualization  On one side enriches the CIDOC CRM with notions of the stages of intellections creation and refines its model of identifiers and the associated discourse.  On the other side, it makes available to FRBR the general model of historical events of the CRM.  clarifies and makes explicit many notions more vaguely specified in FRBR  Further work:  FRAD (Authority Data),  modeling equivalence with performing arts. SEE: http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr