1. ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005 1 Modelling Intellectual Processes: The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Martin Doerr*, Patrick LeBoeuf** Gothenburg, Sweden September 12, 2006 * Center for Cultural Informatics Institute of Computer Science Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas CIDOC 2006 ** Bibliotheque National de France, Paris, France

2. ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005 2  Dublin Core is inadequate for integration:  Mainly identification and access information (library format, finding aids)  No context analysis, no place of creation, fails to describe complex information structures and correlations  Core ontologies describing the semantics of metadata schemata are the most effective tool to drive global information integration:  As “superschema” wide enough to integrate complementary info (“local as view”), not as least common denominator  As virtual intermediate for “cross-walks”, info migration  Is there a virtual global schema? Dublin Core suggests that. The CRM has shown it for museums. The FRBR - CRM Harmonization The Global Information Integration Problem

3. ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005 3 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Problem: Cross-walks need a common ontology DC.Identifier: Louvre INV.779 DC.Type: Image Louvre INV.779oil paintings has type Expression.Id: DOI:10.9876/MonaLisa.jpg Manifestation.Id: Louvre INV.779 E19 Physical Object Louvre INV.779 E19 Image DOI:10.9876/MonaLisa.jpg digital images has type Physical Object paintings visual works BT ! BT Conceptual Object electronic images BT ! FRBR CIDOC CRM FRBR Dublin Core material objects can only be at one place at a time! immaterial objects reside on carriers! AAT

4. ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005 4  The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) is a core ontology aiming to integrate cultural heritage information.  The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) is a core ER model to integrate library information.  Libraries document literature in order to facilitate access to it.  Museum objects are referred to and published in literature. Literature describes the museum objects, their context and theories about and related to them. Literature describes subjects that are exemplified or illustrated by museum objects.  Museum documentation classifies and describes museum objects, their context and relevance. It refers to literature. Museums produce regularly literature. Libraries may also produce literature.  Libraries may document and curate rare objects as museums do. The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Library and Museum Information

5. ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005 5 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Library and Museum Information  Documentation tasks of museums and libraries overlap.  Museum and library information has complex interrelations. Museum and library information overlaps, and otherwise is different.  Museums and libraries can learn from each others methodology.  Research needs an integrated view on museum and library information  There was no common conceptual model or machine-readable language to integrate rich museum and library information. DC is good, but often too simple. There is FRBR, FRAR, CIDOC CRM.

6. ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005 6 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization The Harmonization Project  Formation in 2003 of the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation:  A collaboration of CIDOC CRM-SIG and the IFLA FRBR Review Group.  To express the IFLA FRBR model with the concepts, ontological methodology and notation conventions provided by the CIDOC CRM.  To facilitate the integration, mediation and interchange of bibliographic and museum information.  After 7 meetings, a first complete draft of “FRBR OO ” for public comment. Definition available as text in the format of the CRM.  Other forms: A comprehensive text with all related CRM definitions and complete mappings FRBR ER to FRBR OO, OWL/RDF files, VISIO graphics.  Work continues with FRAR (Functional Requirements for Authority Records)

7. ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005 7 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization CRM  The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM)  developed since 1996 by CIDOC / ISO TC46, ISO 21127 by 2006  a core ontology aiming to integrate cultural heritage information  Innovations:  centre descriptions not around the things, but around the events that connect people, material and immaterial things in space-time.  explicit description of the discourse on relations between identifiers and the identified.  typologies modeled both as classification means and as objects of the cultural-historical discourse.  Lacks: a model of intellectual work

8. ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005 8 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization CRM: history as meetings S runner 1 st Athenian coherence volume of first announcement coherence volume of the battle of Marathon Marathon otherSoldiers Athens 2 nd Athenian coherence volume of second announcement Victory!!! Victory!!! t

9. ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005 9 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization FRBR  The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)  developed 1992-1997 by IFLA, now being complemented by the Functional Requirements for Authority Files (FRAR)  A core ER model to integrate library objects by content relation  Intended to formulate a new library practice  Innovations:  Definition of stages/ abstraction levels of intellectual products: Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item.  Clusters publications and items around the notion of derivation and common conceptual origin across stages / abstraction levels.  Lacks: any explicit notion of the processes behind. Partially ambiguous definitions (overgeneralization).

10. ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005 10 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization FRBR : Abstraction Levels Work Expression Manifestation Item has part is realized through (is a realization of) has part is embodied in (is the embodiment of ) has part is exemplified by (exemplifies ) has part has a complement has a successor has a summary has a supplement has a transformation has adaptation has an imitation “a distinct intellectual or artistic creation… there is no single material object one can point to as the work...” “the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc” “the physical embodiment of an expression of a work…all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics… …may be only a single physical exemplar…” “a single exemplar of a manifestation...” has a complement has a successor has a summary has a supplement has a transformation has adaptation has an imitation

11. ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005 11 F23 Expression Fragment F46 Individual Work F48 Container Work The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results – clarification of key concepts F1Work F2 Expression The substance of Expression is signs (the text). An Expression can be “complete”. The kinds of signs/features that identify an Expression depend on the function. The substance of Work is concepts (the idea). Only through the comprehension of the concepts derivation is possible. Complex Work: Continuation, possibly by others. F21 Complex Work F20 Self-contained Expression E28 Conceptual Object E73 Information Object F41 Publication Expression F43 Publication Work

12. ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005 12 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results – clarification of key concepts Item Manifestation Product Type is a class of like items (the publication) An Item is single exemplar of a Manifestation Product Type. Manifestation Singleton F3 Manifestation Product Type An Manifestation Singleton is an “original”. It may be a feature (e.g. Inscription) E55 Type E24 PhysicalMan-Made Stuff E84 Information Carrier immaterial material

13. ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005 13 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results: The “externalization” process E28ConceptualObject E84InformationCarrier E24PhysicalMan-MadeThing E65CreationE12Production F31 Expression Creation F2 Expression F20 Self Contained Expression F23 Expression Fragment F4 Manifestation Singleton F46 Individual Work F21 Complex Work F1 Work F5 Item F3 Manifestation Production Type F40 Carrier ProductionEvent R49 created a realization of realization of R56 is realized in R45 created R9 comprises carriers of R10 belongs to type R22 created created R41 produced (was produced by)

14. ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005 14 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results – “container work” The Container Work adds Expression: may cause Work with empty expression The collected expressions are integral part of the container F48 Container Work Additional Expression Expression of Work X Expression of Work Y F48 Container Work & F46 Individual Work Expression of Work X Expression of Work Y Overall Expression R13 is realized in (realises) R13 is realized in (realises) inconsistent consistent Work X R13 is realized in R13 is realized in

15. ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005 15 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Publication Work - An Identity Crisis Publisher’s Level F46 Individual Work F20 Self-Contained Expression F43 Publication Work F41 Publication Expression F39 Production Plan F3 Manifestation-Product Type F40 Carrier Production Event F5 Item F4 ManifestationSingleton F21 Complex Work “Oliver Twist” Idea “Oliver Twist” Completed “Oliver Twist” Text “Oliver Twist” Manuscript “Oliver Twist” Publication Concept “Oliver Twist” Publication content “Oliver Twist” Publication “Oliver Twist” Plan “Oliver Twist” Printing “Oliver Twist” 20 th Book R56 is re alized in (real ises) R11B forms part of (is composed of) R56 is realized in (r ealises) CLR5 should carry (should be carr ied by) R10B is type of (belongs to type) R41 produced (was produced by R39B was followed by (foll owed) R12 has member (is mem ber of) P128B is carried by (carries) Author’s Level F45 Publication Event “Oliver Twist” published! R55 created produ ction plan (was created by) R38 produced things of type (was produced by)

16. ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005 16 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results summary  Topics solved: — Explicit modeling of the processes behind FRBR attributes. — The substance of Work, Expression and Manifestation — Conception of a Work. What is its identity, its parts? Can a work be continued by other persons? Can it contain other Work, and in which sense? — Expression fragments, parts, aggregates and collections: criteria of completeness, containment, reuse and intellectual contribution. — What is the contribution and product of the publisher. — What is the first realization of a work in a symbolic form? What is the role of a manuscript, of a digital file, a written diskette in that process? — The equivalence of electronic and material publishing.

17. ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005 17 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conclusions  The combined model CRM – FRBR OO :  Is a coherent model of museum and library conceptualization  On one side enriches the CIDOC CRM with notions of the stages of intellections creation and refines its model of identifiers and the associated discourse.  On the other side, it makes available to FRBR the general model of historical events of the CRM.  clarifies and makes explicit many notions more vaguely specified in FRBR  Further work:  FRAR (Authority records),  modeling equivalence with performing arts. SEE: http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr