1. OBJECTIVES Identify the types of governments that took power in Germany, Russia, Italy and Japan after World War I. Identify the types of governments that took power in Germany, Russia, Italy and Japan after World War I. Explain Hitler’s motives and strategies for expansion and how Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the U.S. responded. Explain Hitler’s motives and strategies for expansion and how Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the U.S. responded. Compare and contrast the reactions of the allies to Nazi Germany with the actions taken today against totalitarian governments. Compare and contrast the reactions of the allies to Nazi Germany with the actions taken today against totalitarian governments.

2. APPEASEMENT Appeasement=giving someone something they want in order to keep the peace. Appeasement=giving someone something they want in order to keep the peace. The League of Nations (original United Nations) is more concerned with the worldwide Great Depression than with Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin or Tojo invading other countries. The League of Nations (original United Nations) is more concerned with the worldwide Great Depression than with Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin or Tojo invading other countries. The League of Nations gave these dictators what they wanted in order to avoid another World War. The League of Nations gave these dictators what they wanted in order to avoid another World War.

3. GREAT PURGE 1934-38 Great Purge 1934-38: Great Purge 1934-38:The cruel reign of Josef Stalin as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was probably the bleakest period in Russia’s history. During this time, millions of ordinary Russian Citizens died in exile or in one of the many Gulag’s (labor camps) set up to accommodate countless prisoners, the vast majority of whom were incarcerated for no other reason than the fact that their views differed to that of their leader. The Great Purge removed all of Stalin’s opposition from power. About 1.2 million Russian citizens were killed. The Great Purge removed all of Stalin’s opposition from power. About 1.2 million Russian citizens were killed.

4. ADOLF HITLER At the end of WWI Hitler was a jobless ex-soldier drifting around Germany. 1919 Hitler joined the National Socialist German Workers’ party (Nazi Party). Hitler quickly became the leader of the Nazi party because of his abilities as a powerful public speaker and organizer. Hitler promised to bring Germany out of the economic depression.

5. ELEMENTS OF NAZISM ELEMENTS OF NAZISM In his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle), Hitler set forth the basic beliefs of Nazism. 1. Hitler wanted to unite all German-speaking people in a great German empire (3 rd Reich=1000 year empire). 2. Hitler wanted to make Germany larger in size in order to compete with Russia (Lebensraum=living space). 3. Hitler wanted to enforce racial “purification”. In his views Germans – especially blue-eyed, blond- haired “Aryans” formed the “master race” or the ideal German, destined to rule the world. In his views Germans – especially blue-eyed, blond- haired “Aryans” formed the “master race” or the ideal German, destined to rule the world. Jews, Slavs, and all nonwhites were deemed “inferior races” and should be eliminated. Jews, Slavs, and all nonwhites were deemed “inferior races” and should be eliminated.

6. NAZI TAKEOVER IN GERMANY The Great Depression and the Treaty of Versailles helped the Nazis come to power. The Great Depression and the Treaty of Versailles helped the Nazis come to power. By 1932 roughly 6 million Germans were unemployed. By 1932 roughly 6 million Germans were unemployed. Many unemployed men joined Hitler’s private army, the Storm Troopers. Many unemployed men joined Hitler’s private army, the Storm Troopers. Out of desperation the German people turned to Hitler and Nazism as their last hope. Out of desperation the German people turned to Hitler and Nazism as their last hope. By the end of 1932 The Nazis had become the strongest political party in Germany. By the end of 1932 The Nazis had become the strongest political party in Germany. In January 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany. He tales over as President after the President of Germany dies. In January 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany. He tales over as President after the President of Germany dies. Once in power Hitler dismantled the Weimar Republic. He also combines the positions of President and Chancellor=Fuhrer. Once in power Hitler dismantled the Weimar Republic. He also combines the positions of President and Chancellor=Fuhrer. In its place Hitler established the Third Reich (the Third German Empire). In its place Hitler established the Third Reich (the Third German Empire).

7. THE FACES OF TOTALITARIANISM Fascist Italy Extreme nationalism Militaristic expansionism Charismatic leader Private property with strong government controls Anticommunist Nazi Germany Extreme Nationalism and racism Militaristic expansionism Forceful leader Private property with strong government controls Anticommunist Communist Soviet Union Create a sound communist state and wait for world revolution Revolution by workers Eventual rule by working class State ownership of property

8. JAPAN Nationalistic military leaders (militarists) in Japan were trying to take control of the imperial government. Nationalistic military leaders (militarists) in Japan were trying to take control of the imperial government. Hideki Tojo was appointed to be the Prime Minister of Japan. Tojo took control of the military and control of the government. Hideki Tojo was appointed to be the Prime Minister of Japan. Tojo took control of the military and control of the government. These leaders were interested in expanding Japans boarders to provide more living space for the growing Japanese population. These leaders were interested in expanding Japans boarders to provide more living space for the growing Japanese population. 1931 the militarists launched a surprise attack on China. 1931 the militarists launched a surprise attack on China. The militarists quickly seized control of the Chinese province of Manchuria. The militarists quickly seized control of the Chinese province of Manchuria. The League of Nations condemned Japans actions. The League of Nations condemned Japans actions. In response Japan quit the League of Nations. In response Japan quit the League of Nations. The successful invasion of Manchuria put the militarists firmly in control of Japan’s government. The successful invasion of Manchuria put the militarists firmly in control of Japan’s government.

9. HANDOUT: USE PAGES 532-541 1)Put the following invasions or actions in order by date: Ethiopia, Rhineland, Netherlands/Belgium/Luxembourg, Poland, Sudetenland, German military buildup, Austria, Britain, France, Germany exits League of Nations, Czechoslovakia, Denmark/Norway, Baltic States. 2)What explanation, excuse, or reasoning was given for the action? 3)What action against Hitler was taken by the allies after each invasion?

10. ANSWERS 1)Germany exits League of Nations. 2)Invasion of Ethiopia by Italy. 3)German military buildup. 4)Invasion of Rhineland. 5)Invasion of Austria. 6)Invasion of Sudetenland. 7)Invasion of Czechoslovakia. 8)Invasion of Poland. 9)Invasion of Baltic States by the Soviet Union. 10)Invasion of Denmark and Norway. 11)Invasion of Netherland, Belgium, and Luxembourg. 12)Invasion of France. 13)Battle of Britain.

11. EUROPE

12. 1933-1936 In 1933 Hitler pulled Germany out of the League of Nations. Why? Because he intends to start a war! In 1933 Hitler pulled Germany out of the League of Nations. Why? Because he intends to start a war! In 1935 Mussolini invades and takes over Ethiopia. Why? Oil fields and following same game plan as the Old Roman Empire. In 1935 Mussolini invades and takes over Ethiopia. Why? Oil fields and following same game plan as the Old Roman Empire. Also in 1935 Hitler massively builds up his military. Also in 1935 Hitler massively builds up his military. In 1936 Hitler attacks and takes over the Rhineland, an area of land between France and Germany, with orders to retreat if the French retaliated. Hitler wanted to unite all German speaking people under 1 flag. The French didn’t want to involve themselves so Hitler concluded that if he attacked Eastern Europe the French would continue to no get involved. He was right. In 1936 Hitler attacks and takes over the Rhineland, an area of land between France and Germany, with orders to retreat if the French retaliated. Hitler wanted to unite all German speaking people under 1 flag. The French didn’t want to involve themselves so Hitler concluded that if he attacked Eastern Europe the French would continue to no get involved. He was right.

13. INVASION OF AUSTRIA Austria’s people favored unification with Germany because the people are German. On March 12th, 1938, German troops marched into German speaking Austria unopposed. The next day Germany announced that the union with Austria was complete. The United States, the League of Nation, and rest of the world did nothing to protest or stop Germany.

14. INVASION OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA About 3 million German-speaking people lived in the western border regions of Czechoslovakia (the Sudetenland). Hitler wanted it to unite all German speaking people into 1 country AND to provide more living space for Germany. About 3 million German-speaking people lived in the western border regions of Czechoslovakia (the Sudetenland). Hitler wanted it to unite all German speaking people into 1 country AND to provide more living space for Germany. Hitler’s Excuse: Czech’s were abusing the Germans there. Hitler’s Excuse: Czech’s were abusing the Germans there. Hitler promises Britain and France that the Sudetenland is his “last territorial demand.” Hitler promises Britain and France that the Sudetenland is his “last territorial demand.” In an attempt to avoid war, France, Britain, and Germany signed the Munich Pact on September 30, 1938. In an attempt to avoid war, France, Britain, and Germany signed the Munich Pact on September 30, 1938. The Munich Agreement/Pact: turned the Sudetenland over to Germany without a single shot being fired. The Munich Agreement/Pact: turned the Sudetenland over to Germany without a single shot being fired.

15. INVASION OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA In Britain, Winston Churchill viewed the signing of the Munich Pact as an adoption of appeasement. In Britain, Winston Churchill viewed the signing of the Munich Pact as an adoption of appeasement. Appeasement: Giving someone something they want in order to keep the peace. Appeasement: Giving someone something they want in order to keep the peace. Churchill warned that Hitler would not stop at the Sudetenland. Churchill warned that Hitler would not stop at the Sudetenland. On March 15, 1939, German troops invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia and quickly took it over. On March 15, 1939, German troops invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia and quickly took it over.

16. INVASION OF POLAND The majority of Poland’s population was German speaking. The majority of Poland’s population was German speaking. Hitler’s excuse: German Poles were being mistreated. Hitler’s excuse: German Poles were being mistreated. August 23, 1939 Stalin and Hitler sign the Nonaggression Pact. August 23, 1939 Stalin and Hitler sign the Nonaggression Pact. Germany and the Soviet Union commit to not attack each other. Germany and the Soviet Union commit to not attack each other. With the dangers of a two- front war eliminated German Invaded Poland. With the dangers of a two- front war eliminated German Invaded Poland. The Soviet Union and Germany split Poland in half. Germany takes the Western half and the Soviets take the Eastern half. The Soviet Union and Germany split Poland in half. Germany takes the Western half and the Soviets take the Eastern half.

17. BLITZKRIEG IN POLAND September 1, 1939 Germany launched it Blitzkrieg in Poland. Blitzkrieg (lightning war): Used advances in military technology, such as fast tanks and more powerful aircraft, to secure the air and ground with the Air Force. The ground troops come in afterwards to secure the cities. WAR DECLARED: September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany. Major fighting in Poland was over in 3 weeks.

18. INVASION OF THE BALTIC STATES The Soviet Union also invaded Poland from the east, seizing what was left of Poland. The Soviet Union also invaded Poland from the east, seizing what was left of Poland. After occupying eastern Poland, Stalin began annexing the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (The area taken away from the Soviets in the Treaty of Versailles). After occupying eastern Poland, Stalin began annexing the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (The area taken away from the Soviets in the Treaty of Versailles). In late 1939, Stalin sent the Soviet army into Finland. In late 1939, Stalin sent the Soviet army into Finland. After 3 months of fighting the Finns surrendered. After 3 months of fighting the Finns surrendered.

19. OTHER MAJOR INVASIONS April 9, 1940, Hitler launched a surprise invasion of Denmark and Norway. April 9, 1940, Hitler launched a surprise invasion of Denmark and Norway. Hitler planned to use these countries to build bases from which he could easily strike Great Britain. Hitler planned to use these countries to build bases from which he could easily strike Great Britain. Hitler next invaded the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, all of which were overrun and in German control by the end of May, 1940. Hitler next invaded the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, all of which were overrun and in German control by the end of May, 1940.

20. THE FALL OF FRANCE Only takes 6 weeks for Hitler to conquer France. Hitler attacks France by going through the Ardennes forest in Northern France and attacking Paris from the North. The Italians attack France and Paris from the south This German offensive in France trapped almost 400,000 British and French soldiers along the beaches of France. The nearly 330,000 British, French, and Belgian troops were evacuated to Britain by boat. June 22, 1940 France surrendered. Germany occupied northern France, setting up a Nazi-controlled government.

21. THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN Germany launched an air war on Britain in the summer of 1940. Germany launched an air war on Britain in the summer of 1940. Luftwaffe (German air force) began making bombing runs over Britain. Luftwaffe (German air force) began making bombing runs over Britain. Every night for two months roughly 2,000 German planes bombed London, and the rest of Britain. Every night for two months roughly 2,000 German planes bombed London, and the rest of Britain. Britain installed a new piece of technology (radar) on every British air plane. Radar saved the British from being defeated by Hitler. Britain installed a new piece of technology (radar) on every British air plane. Radar saved the British from being defeated by Hitler. One night the RAF (British Air force) shot down 185 German planes. One night the RAF (British Air force) shot down 185 German planes. Hitler eventually called off the invasion of Britain. Hitler eventually called off the invasion of Britain.

22. EXIT SLIP What position/policy/actions did the allies take against Hitler prior to the invasion of Poland? What position/policy/actions did the allies take against Hitler prior to the invasion of Poland? What lessons about Dictators did the U.S. learn from WWII? What lessons about Dictators did the U.S. learn from WWII?

23. BELL QUIZ: USE WHAT YOU LEARNED FROM LAST TIME AND/OR PAGES 532-541. 1. What excuse did Hitler continually give to the League of Nations for explaining German expansion? 2. How did the allies respond to Hitler’s actions? 3. Why did the U.S. try to stay neutral? 4. Does appeasement work? Explain yourself. 5. Does the current U.S. foreign policy have anything to do with the lessons learned from WWII? Explain.