1. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter

2. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter 1. Elements:

3. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter 1. Elements: are different forms of matter which have different chemical and physical properties, and can not be broken down further by chemical reactions.

4. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter 1. Elements are different forms of matter which have different chemical and physical properties, and can not be broken down further by chemical reactions. 2. The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element is an

5. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter 1. Elements are different forms of matter which have different chemical and physical properties, and can not be broken down further by chemical reactions. 2. The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element is an ATOM.

6. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms

7. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles

8. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles Proton: in nucleus; mass = 1, charge = +1 - Defines Element

9. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles Proton: in nucleus; mass = 1, charge = +1 - Defines Element Neutron: in nucleus; mass = 1, charge = 0

10. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles Proton: in nucleus; mass = 1, charge = +1 - Defines Element Neutron: in nucleus; mass = 1, charge = 0 Electron: orbits nucleus; mass ~ 0, charge = -1

11. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles Proton: in nucleus; mass = 1, charge = +1 - Defines Element Neutron: in nucleus; mass ~ 1, charge = 0 Electron: orbits nucleus; mass ~ 0, charge = -1 Orbit at quantum distances (shells) Shells 1, 2, and 3 have 1, 4, and 4 orbits (2 electrons each) Shells hold 2, 8, 8 electrons = distance related to energy

12. Neon (Bohr model)

13. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2. Mass =

14. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2. Mass = protons + neutrons O 8 15.99

15. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2. Mass = protons + neutrons 3. Charge =

16. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2. Mass = protons + neutrons 3. Charge = (# protons) - (# electrons)...

17. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2. Mass = protons + neutrons 3. Charge = (# protons) - (# electrons)... If charge = 0, then you have an...

18. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2. Mass = protons + neutrons 3. Charge = (# protons) - (# electrons)... If charge = 0, then you have an...ION

19. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2. Mass = protons + neutrons 3. Charge = (# protons) - (# electrons)... If charge = 0, then you have an...ION

20. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2. Mass = protons + neutrons 3. Charge = (# protons) - (# electrons)... If charge = 0, then you have an...ION 4. Space: Orbitals of carbon atom are 10,000 x the width of the carbon nucleus....

21. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes -

22. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra' neutrons... heavier

23. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra' neutrons... heavier Some are stable Some are not... they 'decay' - lose the neutron

24. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra' neutrons... heavier Some are stable Some are not... they 'decay' - lose the neutron These 'radioisotopes' emit energy (radiation)

25. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra' neutrons... heavier Some are stable Some are not... they 'decay' - lose the neutron These 'radioisotopes' emit energy (radiation) This process is not affected by environmental conditions and is constant; so if we know the amount of parent and daughter isotope, and we know the decay rate, we can calculate the time it has taken for this much daughter isotope to be produced.

26. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra' neutrons... heavier Gamma decay - neutron emits energy as a photon - no change in neutron number, mass, or element.

27. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra' neutrons... heavier Gamma decay - neutron emits energy as a photon - no change in neutron number, mass, or element. Alpha decay - loss of an alpha particle (2 protons and 2 neutrons) from the nucleus. This changes the mass and element. (Uranium with 92 protons decays to Thorium with 90 protons)

28. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B. Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra' neutrons... heavier Gamma decay - neutron emits energy as a photon - no change in neutron number, mass, or element. Alpha decay - loss of an alpha particle (2 protons and 2 neutrons) from the nucleus. This changes the mass and element. (Uranium with 92 protons decays to Thorium with 90 protons) Beta decay - a neutron changes to a proton, and an electron is emitted. This changes only the element (determined by the number of protons.), but not the mass. (C14 decays, neutron changes to proton, and N14 is produced)

29. - K40-Ar40 decay rate (1/2 life) = 1.3by (Now, you may be thinking, "be real"! How can we measure something that is this slow?)

30. - K40-Ar40 decay rate (1/2 life) = 1.3by (Now, you may be thinking, "be real"! How can we measure something that is this slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K) contains: 6.0 x 10 23 atoms

31. - K40-Ar40 decay rate (1/2 life) = 1.3by (Now, you may be thinking, "be real"! How can we measure something that is this slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K) contains: 6.0 x 10 23 atoms - So, For 1/2 of them to change, that would be: 3.0 x 10 23 atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 10 9 )

32. - K40-Ar40 decay rate (1/2 life) = 1.3by (Now, you may be thinking, "be real"! How can we measure something that is this slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K) contains: 6.0 x 10 23 atoms - So, For 1/2 of them to change, that would be: 3.0 x 10 23 atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 10 9 ) - So, divide 3.0 x 10 23 by 1.3 x 10 9 = 2.3 X 10 14 atoms/year.

33. - K40-Ar40 decay rate (1/2 life) = 1.3by (Now, you may be thinking, "be real"! How can we measure something that is this slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K) contains: 6.0 x 10 23 atoms - So, For 1/2 of them to change, that would be: 3.0 x 10 23 atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 10 9 ) - So, divide 3.0 x 10 23 by 1.3 x 10 9 = 2.3 X 10 14 atoms/year. - Divide 2.3 x 10 14 by 3.65 x 10 2 days per year = 0.62 x 10 12 /day

34. - K40-Ar40 decay rate (1/2 life) = 1.3by (Now, you may be thinking, "be real"! How can we measure something that is this slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K) contains: 6.0 x 10 23 atoms - So, For 1/2 of them to change, that would be: 3.0 x 10 23 atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 10 9 ) - So, divide 3.0 x 10 23 by 1.3 x 10 9 = 2.3 X 10 14 atoms/year. - Divide 2.3 x 10 14 by 3.65 x 10 2 days per year = 0.62 x 10 12 /day - Divide 6.2 x 10 11 by 24*60*60 = 8.64 x 10 4 ) =

35. - K40-Ar40 decay rate (1/2 life) = 1.3by (Now, you may be thinking, "be real"! How can we measure something that is this slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K) contains: 6.0 x 10 23 atoms - So, For 1/2 of them to change, that would be: 3.0 x 10 23 atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 10 9 ) - So, divide 3.0 x 10 23 by 1.3 x 10 9 = 2.3 X 10 14 atoms/year. - Divide 2.3 x 10 14 by 3.65 x 10 2 days per year = 0.62 x 10 12 /day - Divide 6.2 x 10 11 by 24*60*60 = 8.64 x 10 4 ) = 0.7 x 10 7 = 7 x 10 6 = 7 million atoms changing from Potassium to Argon every second!!! This radiation is detectible and measureable...and when it has been measured over the last 100 years, it is always the same. So, not only is there theoretical justification for expecting a constant decay rate, tests have confirmed this expectation. It is unaffected by any known physical change in the environment... freeze it, heat it, pressurize it... no change in the rate of decay.

36. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A. Molecules

37. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A. Molecules 1. atoms chemically react with one another and form molecules - the atoms are "bound" to one another by chemical bonds - interactions among electrons or charged particles.

38. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A. Molecules 1. atoms chemically react with one another and form molecules - the atoms are "bound" to one another by chemical bonds - interactions among electrons or charged particles. 2. Bonds form because atoms attain a more stable energy state if their outermost shell is full. It can do this by loosing, gaining, or sharing electrons. This is often called the 'octet rule' because the 2nd and 3rd shells can contain 8 electrons.

39. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A. Molecules B. Covalent Bonds

40. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A. Molecules B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are shared Shared evenly = non- polar covalent bond

41. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A. Molecules B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are shared shared unevenly = polar covalent bond

42. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A. Molecules B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are shared C. Ionic Bond

43. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A. Molecules B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are shared C. Ionic Bond - transfer of electron and attraction between ions Cl Na

44. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A. Molecules B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are shared C. Ionic Bond - transfer of electron and attraction between ions D. Hydrogen Bonds -

45. Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A. Molecules B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are shared C. Ionic Bond - transfer of electron and attraction between ions D. Hydrogen Bonds - weak attraction between partially charged hydrogen atom in one molecule and a negative region of another molecule