1. DO NOW How do psychologists define motivation? What is the difference between Drive Reduction Theory and Arousal Theory?

2. Motivation  a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Why We Do Things

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

4. Drive Hunger Hunger Thirst Thirst Sex Sex Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Biologically instigated motivation

5. Theories of Motivation 1.Instinct Theory 2.Drive Reduction Theory 3.Arousal Theory 4.Maslows’s Hierarchy of Needs Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

6. 1. Instinct Theory View that certain behaviors are determined by innate factors Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Problems with instinctual theories: Can not explain all of human behavior Example: jealousy, modesty, altruism, selfishness The concept of fixed-action patterns has replaced the older concept of ‘instincts’

7. 2. Drive Reduction Theory View that a biological need (an imbalance that threatens survival) produces a drive Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Fails to explain human actions that produced, rather than reduced, tension, such as rock climbing Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst)

8. Drive Reduction Theory Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Problems with Drive Theory: Does not explain things like why people play, which is rewarding in itself without satisfying a drive

9. 3. Arousal Theory We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal. Yerkes-Dodson Law: a moderate amount of stress or anxiety increases our performance

10. The notion that needs occur in priority order, with the biological needs as the most basic Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 4. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

11. Motivation of HUNGER Multiple contributors to feeling of hunger: Stomach contractions Blood Sugar Glucose Hypothalamus Stomach hormones Basal Metabolic Rate

12. Biology of Hunger  Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger  Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger.

13. Body Chemistry Glucose The hormone insulin converts glucose to fat. When glucose levels drop- hunger increases. Leptin Fat cells in our body produce the hormone leptin High levels of leptin signal the brain to reduce appetite or increase the rate at which fat is burned. Leptin deficiency can cause obesity

14. Hypothalamus Lateral Hypothalamus When stimulated it makes you hungry. When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again. Ventromedial Hypothalamus When stimulated you feel full. When lesioned you will never feel full again.

15. Set Point Theory The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat. – Wants to maintain a stable weight. Activate the lateral when you diet and activate the ventromedial when you start to gain weight. Metabolism: body’s base rate of energy expenditure

16. Culture and Hunger

17. Taste Preference: Biology or Culture? Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only how much or when we feel hunger but what we feel hungry for! Richard Olsenius/ Black Star Victor Englebert

18. Criadillas- bull testicles. Mice Wine Dog Fried Frog Legs

19. Hot Cultures like Hot Spices Countries with hot climates use more bacteria- inhibiting spices in meat dishes.

20. Obesity Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues. Mostly eating habits but some people are predisposed towards obesity. As you gain weight, you create MORE and BIGGER fat cells… as you lose the weight, the cells reduce is size BUT NEVER IN NUMBER. Click on the picture to see some case studies on obesity.

22. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food). 1% of population

23. Anorexia Nervosa Starve/exercise themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight. See themselves as fat. Vast majority are women. 0.6% of population Click on the woman to watch a case study of an anorexic.

24. Sexual Motivation Sex is a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values Sex is natural. Without sex, none of us would be here. How do scientists (or you) find out about sex? YOU ASK!!!!!!

25. Masters and Johnson Study In the 1960’s William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex. 382 females and 312 males. After their research was done they ran an institute that claimed to turn gay people straight. Click on Masters and Johnson to see a more detailed explanation of their research.

26. Mapped out the Sexual Response Cycle Initial Excitement Plateau Phase Orgasm Resolution Phase (with refractory period).

27. Excitement phase: Genitals engorged with blood, woman’s vagina expands and secretes lubricant and her breasts and nipples may enlarge Plateau phase: breathing, pulse, blood pressure rates rise, penis becomes fully engorged and fluid may appear at the tip (with enough sperm to enable conception), female vaginal secretions increase, clitoris retracts, orgasm feels imminent Orgasm: male sperm and semen released, muscle contractions throughout the body, woman’s orgasm helps propel semen from the penis and draws sperm further inward

28. Sex Hormones Estrogen – secreted in greater amounts by females than by males – Contributes to female sex characteristics Testosterone – secreted in greater amounts by males than by females – Contributes to male sex characteristics

29. Sexual Disorders Problems that consistently impair sexual arousal or functioning – In Men premature ejaculation – ejaculation before they or their partners wish Impotence or erectile dysfunction – inability to have or maintain erection – In Women orgasmic disorder – infrequent or absent orgasms

30. Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation

31. Psychological Factors in Sexual Motivation Only some people are externals when it comes to hunger- but we are all externals when it comes to sex. Heiman 4 tape study. People can find sexually explicit images either pleasing or disturbing- but they are none the less biologically arousing.

32. Kinsey’s Studies Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (in early 1950’s). Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female Scale of sexuality….0 to 6 where 0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 homosexual and 7 is asexual. Click on Kinsey to see the movie trailer.

33. We have discussed the energizing of sexual motivation but have yet to discuss its direction: Sexual Orientation An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own gender or the other gender. Percentage, brothers and cities

34. How is Sexual Orientation Determined There has been NO evidence that sexuality is socially determined. Kids raised by gay parents are no more likely to be gay that if they were raised by hetero parents. This it is likely biologically determined.

35. The Brain Simon LeVay discovered that there is a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men than in heterosexual women or homosexual men.

36. Prenatal Environment Current research seems to point to the hormonal levels in the prenatal environment. We have created homosexual male fruit flies and lesbian sheep!!!

37. Sexual Motivation

38.  Same drives, different attitudes

39. Sexual Motivation  Births to unwed parents

40. Facts about Adolescent Sexuality 1900: 3% had sex by age 18 2007: 50% have sex by age 18 47% of high school seniors have had sex 72% of teenage girls regretted having sex the first time Teens get most sex information from peers and media rather than parents Correlation between sexually active teens and alcohol using teens Average hour-long TV show has 15 sexual acts, words, and innuendos Higher intelligence correlated with delaying sex Actively religious teens more often reserve sex for marital commitment Father’s absence linked to sexual activity before age 16 Teen volunteers have lower pregnancy rates Only 1/3 of sexually active male teens use condoms regularly Fun Quote of the Day: “Condoms should be used on every conceivable occasion.”

41. STDs/STIs Condoms offer no protection against certain skin-to-skin STIs (most genital cancers) If Pat has sex with 9 people, each of whom over the same period has sex with 9 people, who in turn have sex with 9 others, how many “phantom” sex partners (past partners of partners) will Pat have? (511) Herpes