2. Downloaded from www.avhf.com SINGLE PILOT CRM Sun-N-Fun FAA Safety Center Lakeland, Florida April 17, 1999

3. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun 19992 WHY ARE WE HERE?  FLY-IN  FUN  FUTURE  A/C  RAIN?

4. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun 1999 3 IT WON’T HAPPEN TO ME! l “WHEN ANYONE ASKS ME HOW I CAN BEST DESCRIBE MY EXPERIENCE IN NEARLY FORTY YEARS AT SEA, I MERELY SAY, UNEVENTFUL. OF COURSE THERE HAVE BEEN WINTER GALES, AND STORMS AND FOG AND THE LIKE, BUT IN ALL MY EXPERIENCE I HAVE NEVER BEEN IN AN ACCIDENT OF ANY SORT WORTH SPEAKING ABOUT. I HAVE SEEN BUT ONE VESSEL IN DISTRESS IN ALL MY YEARS AT SEA....I NEVER SAW A SHIPWRECK AND HAVE NEVER BEEN SHIPWRECKED, NOR WAS I EVER IN ANY PREDICAMENT THAT THREATENED TO END IN DISASTER OF ANY SORT.” E.J. SMITH l ON 14 APRIL 1912 RMS TITANIC SANK WITH THE LOSS OF 1500 LIVES - ONE OF WHICH WAS IT’S CAPTAIN....... E.J. SMITH

5. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun 1999 4 WHAT IS CRM? “THE EFFECTIVE USE OF ALL AVAILABLE RESOURCES… l HUMAN l HARDWARE l INFORMATION

6. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun 1999 5 WHY CRM? 1.OPTIMIZE HUMAN PERFORMANCE 2. REDUCE HUMAN ERROR

7. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun 1999 6 QUICK HISTORY... l 1940’S - MILITARY l 1970’S - ACCIDENT STUDIES/ASRS l 1980’S - GENERAL AVIATION - PILOT JUDGMENT TRAINING l 1980’S - AIRLINES - “COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT” l 1990’S - INTEGRATION AND APPLICATION

8. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun 1999 7 CHANGES IN ACCIDENT CAUSAL FACTORS OVER TIME HUMAN FACTORS CAUSES MECHANICAL CAUSES TIME (31 YEARS) RELATIVE PROPORTION OF ACCIDENT CAUSES (HUMAN VS MECHANICAL)

9. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun 1999 8 HUMAN FACTORS DEFINITION HUMAN FACTORS “A MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD DEVOTED TO OPTIMIZING HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND REDUCING HUMAN EROR” (OOOPS!)

10. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun 19999 HUMAN ERRORS LEADING TO ACCIDENTS... HOW MANY ERRORS NEED TO OCCUR BEFORE WE HAVE AN ACCIDENT?

11. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun 199910 TOTAL ACCIDENT RATE FOR AIRCRAFT 1959-1998 YEAR ANNUAL-RATESANNUAL-RATES

12. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun 199911 PRIMARY CAUSAL FACTORS OF AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS

13. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun 199912 PROBABLE CAUSE IN 80% OF ALL ACCIDENTS (NTSB) 47% 19% 21% 5% 6% 4%

14. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun 199913 LET’S TAKE A CLOSER LOOK... CRM INTEGRATION AND APPLICATION

15. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun 1999 14 PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS REQUIREMENTS “CRM is not a single TASK. CRM is a set of skill competencies which must be evident in all TASKS in this PTS as applied to the single pilot or the multicrew operation.”

16. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun 1999 15 WHAT MAKES A PILOT? “A PILOT MUST HAVE A MEMORY; BUT THERE ARE TWO HIGHER QUALITIES WHICH HE MUST ALSO HAVE. HE MUST HAVE GOOD AND QUICK JUDGMENT AND DECISION, AND A COOL, CALM COURAGE THAT NO PERIL CAN SHAKE. GIVE A MAN THE TRIFLE OF PLUCK TO START WITH, AND BY THE TIME HE HAS BECOME A PILOT HE CANNOT BE UNMANNED BY ANY DANGER…BUT ONE CANNOT QUITE SAY THE SAME FOR JUDGMENT. JUDGMENT IS A MATTER OF BRAINS, AND A MAN MUST START WITH A GOOD STOCK OF THAT ARTICLE OR HE WILL NEVER SUCCEED AS A PILOT.” MARK TWAIN“LIFE ON THE MISSISSIPPI”

17. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun 1999 16 CRM MARKERS l COMMUNICATION l DECISION MAKING l PLANNING l WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT l SITUATION AWARENESS

18. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun 1999 17 CRM MARKERS COMMUNICATION l WORDS l TONE l BODY LANGUAGE l TWO EARS, ONE MOUTH

19. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun 1999 18 CRM MARKERS DECISION MAKING l DECISION TO MAKE l GATHER INFORMATION l IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVES l EVALUATE ALTERNATIVES l CHOOSE ALTERNATIVE l EVALUATE CHOICE l RETURN TO THE BEGINNING

20. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun 1999 19 CRM MARKERS PLANNING l MAKE A PLAN l FOLLOW THE PLAN l MODIFY THE PLAN, IF NECESSARY

21. Critical Flight Window CRM MARKERS WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT 2,000

22. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016 Sun-N-Fun 1999 21 CRM MARKERS SITUATION AWARENESS THE ACCURATE PERCEPTION OR KNOWLEDGE A PILOT MAINTAINS TO THEIR OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN ORDER TO ANTICIPATE CONTINGENCIES AND TAKE THE NECESSARY ACTIONS.

23. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun 199922 RECOGNIZING THE LOSS OF SITUATION AWARENESS (AKA THE ERROR CHAIN) l FAILURE TO MEET TARGETS l UNDOCUMENTED PROCEDURES l VIOLATING MINIMUMS OR LIMITATIONS l NO ONE FLYING A/C l NO ONE LOOKING OUT OF THE WINDOW (HUMAN TCAS)

24. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun 199923 RECOGNIZING THE LOSS OF SITUATION AWARENESS (AKA THE ERROR CHAIN) l NO CHECKLISTS l INCOMPLETE COMMUNICATIONS l AMBIGUITY l UNRESOLVED DISCREPANCIES l FIXATION OR PREOCCUPATION l EMPTY FEELING OR CONFUSION

25. BREAK THE ERROR CHAIN 2 Ambiguity 7 No one looking 4. Use of Undoc. Procedures 3. Unre. Discrepancies 6 No one flying 8 Confusion 1 Incomplete Comm. 9 Deviation from SOPs 5 Preoccupation or Fixation 10 Violations of... 11 Failure to meet...

26. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun 199925 IMPROVE YOUR CRM SKILLS... H ESTABLISH AND FOLLOW YOUR SOP’S H COMMUNICATE YOUR SOP’S (BRIEF PASSENGERS) H BE AWARE!

27. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 3/11/2016Sun-N-Fun 199926 THE END ( QUESTIONS??? ( THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME! ( REMEMBER….. MAKE CRM PART OF YOUR SOP!