1. Linking Geography & History in the Classroom Penny Locke Cassini Publishing

2. History of Map-making
• Maps are vital to geographers today but their history is an interesting story in itself
• Ordnance Survey’s first national series started to be published in 1805, inspired by the threat of French invasion
A feat of 19th century ingenuity - it took surveyors 70 years to transport their theodolite from Kent up to the Scottish border, measuring the landscape and encountering angry villagers en route
© Crown copyright Ordnance Survey

3. Cassini has combined, re-projected the original sheets and enlarged them to 1:50,000 to match Ordnance Survey Landrangers and included the National Grid to aid comparisons between maps of different eras
Four historical series available (see next slide):
1800s ( )
1890/1900s ( )
1920s ( )
1940s ( )

4. Grimsby, Grimsby, 1923
Grimsby, Grimsby, 1946

5. The National Grid is on all mapping to aid comparisons
< Left: Old Series (1819)
Right: Revised New Series (1895) >
< Left: Popular Edition (1920)
Right: Ordnance Survey Landranger® (present day) >

6. Map formats Folded maps that match Ordnance Survey Landrangers®
Laminated site-centred A3 sheets
Digital mapping from our partners, including Memory Map, to be used on whiteboards and PCs with a multi-user licence

7. Digital Mapping
Allows you to select your own area (can be any shape) from all our historical map series plus present-day OS 1:50,000 (Landranger)
Software enables the maps to be displayed in a range of innovative ways eg 3D visualisation, route tracking and map tiling with simultaneous movement
National Grid not included on all digital mapping products, but can easily be added.
A revised version of the following module will be available to support the digital mapping

8. Memory Map screen shot modern map 1800s map

9. Memory Map screen shot modern map 1920s map

10. How can you use historical maps?
• valuable resource for all local studies and contrasting areas studies
• an accessible introduction for lower KS2 to the history of an area (as the historical maps clearly match the modern maps, they are very recognisable)
• a tool for KS3 to study various topics eg settlement development & change, population growth, transport systems, industry growth
• teaching or revising map skills for KS2/3
• as a basis for imagining the past eg if you were the son/daughter of the village carrier in the 1800s where would you travel? Who would you meet? What would you see? What goods would you transport? How much would you be paid?

11. Exploring Historical Maps Worksheets
• Worksheets are useful for both KS2 (unit 6 Investigating our local area, Unit 12 How did life change in our locality in Victorian times? Unit 18 What was it like to live here in the past?) and KS3 (map skills revision, local settlement development)
• Allow approximately one lesson for each of the eight worksheets
• Each worksheet includes Extended Learning for more able pupils and often involves imaginative thinking
• Comprises student pack and teacher pack with notes and suggested answers
• Designed to be taught by non-specialist teachers
• Can be used to introduce or revise map skills
• Worksheet summary follows
“The ideas on the worksheets were very useful - especially for my newly qualified colleague who needed some pointers. My KS2 pupils were very enthusiastic about the maps and could easily cross reference them.”Chris Gould, KS2 teacher, Surrey
“My year 7 geography club liked how the maps showed the changes in the area. I was able to challenge them to work out why the changes happened. They liked the A3 format and would like to use them more in the classroom.” Amy Lawrence, Tollbar BEC

12. Exploring Historical Maps
Worksheet Summary
1. Introducing Historical Maps
Understanding the difference between the styles of old and new maps
Understanding the technologies used to create them
Basic mathematical calculation
Extended Learning
Imagining a 19th century interpretation of the modern landscape
Discussion of how the local area has changed
2. Key to the Landscape
Understanding the need for symbols and abbreviations on maps
Considering symbols and abbreviations on present-day and historical maps
Considering why the number and style of symbols and abbreviations on maps have changed over time (see next slide)
Encourages pupils to imagine what features may appear on maps of the future and the symbols and abbreviations that might be needed to represent them

14. 3&4. 4-Figure & 6-Figure Grid References
Understanding how to locate a place on a map
Creating and using 4-figure and 6-figure grid references
Understanding the terms Eastings and Northings
Extended Learning
Using grid references to describe and locate grid references
Practical map-making exercise within the school grounds.
5. Scales & Distances
Understanding of the relationship between a map and the area it represents
Using mathematical calculations to establish areas and distances
Understanding the differences between maps of different scales
Using a map ruler
Further work on area and distance including plotting a journey route

15. History Detectives - worksheet questions with answers from maps of Grimsby area
1. Find two features that are on the modern map but not on the historical map
• Public telephone, level crossing, visitor centre, bypass, roundabout, electricity pylons, motel
2. Find two features that are on the historical map but not on the modern map
• Smithy, rifle range, workhouse, battery, coverts (other areas may have brick kilns, quarries, chalk pits)
• They no longer exist, or are no longer important enough to show
• Illustrate localised industry and horse-based transport
3. Find two features that are on both the historical map and the modern map
• church, river, moat, wood, house, road
4. Study your historical and modern maps to see if the place names are the same.
• Grid Ref: : Peak Farm 1903: Greenland Farm
• Grid Ref: : Peaks Farm Today: Peaks Tunnel Farm
5. What changes in the natural landscape are illustrated by the maps?
• change in coastline (particularly in sandy areas), deforestation, reservoirs, diverted rivers
Extended Learning
E1. What do the maps tell you about how the area has changed between the 19th century and today?
• population growth & industrialisation of urban areas: decline of railway growth of road network; rural areas changed little since 19th century
E1. Compare all 4 historical maps. In which years did your nearest town change the most. Do you know why?
• Grimsby (see slide 4) changed most in the second half of the 19th century due to the development of the docks and the new rail lines.

16. 7. Transport Development
Comparing the 19th century transport networks with those of today
Considering various transport methods and routes over the past 200 years
Imagining the transport methods of the future
Extended Learning
Comparing the impact of the landscape on transport between the 19th century and today
Using the maps as evidence of the popularity of roads vs railway through the ages
8. Urban Development
Using the maps to discover the extent of urban growth since the 19th century
Using skills learnt from previous worksheets to establish the area of urban districts now and in the past
Considering the reasons for and impact of this change
Imagining how the area will have changed in 50 years time and why

17. For more information on:
1. Cassini Historical Maps print materials
• Matching laminated A3 maps centred on your school from:
1800s ( )
1890/1900s ( )
1920s ( )
1940s ( )
• Map rulers measuring miles and kilometres at 1:50,000
• Exploring Historical Map worksheets
Contact Penny Locke at
2. Digital Cassini historical maps via Memory Map
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