1. Charles Darwin & The Theory of Evolution.

2. 1) Consider This…
“Individual organisms live, reproduce and die. Individuals, however, do not evolve; populations do. Evolution is the change in gene frequency that occurs in a population over time.”
Audesirk, T. & Audesirk G. Biology – Life on Earth. 4th edition. © 1996
Population: all the individual members of a particular species living in a given area.

3. 2) Charles Darwin
1831
At only 22 years old, this British nature lover went for a 5-year cruise onboard her majesty’s Beagle ship.
He sailed around the world to look at stuff. The most famous stop being the Galapagos islands off the coast of South America.

4. Biodiversity
VARIATION!

5. Beaks differ

6. Abundant babies!!!!!
OVERPRODUCTION!

7. Blue feet?
ADAPTATIONS ?

8. 3) Darwin’s Notes
Observation 1:Overproduction – Organisms make more offspring than can survive.
Observation 2: Resources are Limited.
Conclusion 1: Competition for survival and reproduction among species.
Observation 3: Individuals Differ from one another within a species’ population.
Conclusion 2: Fitness – the most well-adapted individuals from one generation will usually leave the most offspring.

9. 4) Twenty Years Later
Darwin finally publishes his book On the Origin of Species, sharing his theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (1859).

10. 5) Darwinian Terms Natural Selection- Nature selects who stays!!
This is what drives evolution.
Evolution- change in population genotypes from one generation to the next.
a.k.a. change over time.

11. Variation- Differences between individuals of the same species.
Adaptation- A trait that helps an organism to survive & reproduce (born with it).
Adaptations are favorable variations.
Variation- Differences between individuals of the same species.
Examples: color, shape, size, behavior, chemistry.
Variations come from:
Mutations.
Meiosis Cross Over (challenge topic)

12. Populations will have a pool of genes.
A gene pool is all the genes that occur in a population.

13. Evolution, part II
Oh yea, PROVE IT!

14. Introduction:
Recall that a scientific theory is testable; and explains many observations.
A claim must have evidence.
In other words, show sound reason, or be logical.
So…Show me the proof that biological evolution accounts for the origin of species.

15. 1) Fossils
Fossils are the remains of past life dug up from the earth’s crust.
Fossil formation is rare.
Most fossils form in sedimentary rock.
Examples of Fossils:
Bones, teeth, molds, casts, impressions.
Because the Earth’s crust is layered over time, younger fossils are found closer to the top.

17. 1a) Fossil Record
If you piece together all the millions of fossils that scientists have dug up and sequence them by time (age), you have the Fossil Record.
How do you know a fossils age?
Relative dating
Top vs. Bottom layers.
Radioactive dating
Unstable element decay of nearby rocks.

19. 2) Embryology
Looking at the early development of one organism and comparing it to another allows scientists to make inferences about their evolutionary relationship.
Embryo: Not yet born, developing multicellular organism.
Inference: using clues to make a conclusion.

21. 3) Homologous Structures
Definition: similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor.
Example:
dolphin’s flipper, bird’s wing, dog’s leg.

23. 4) Biochemistry
Results from DNA & protein analysis further support the theory of evolution by natural selection.

25. 5) Class Discussion Which is more likely to form a fossil
Jellyfish or crab?
Why are there gaps in the fossil record?
How do you interpret an evolutionary tree diagram?

31. 6) Summary
Evolution by means of natural selection explains the history of life on earth. This claim is supported by an abundance of evidence.
Key Concepts are:
Species share common ancestors.
Descent with modification: (perpetual change)
Nature chooses which species stay (extant) and which go (extinct).

32. 7) High School Challenge
Describe the role that geographic isolation can play in speciation.
Speciation = new species formation.
Research:
Allopatric speciation
Vicariant vs. founder effect.
Sympatric speciation

33. Darwin’s Work
1. Variation: There is Variation in Every Population. 2. Competition: Organisms Compete for limited resources. 3. Offspring: Organisms produce more Offspring than can survive. 4. Genetics: Organisms pass Genetic traits on to their offspring. 5. Natural Selection: Those organisms with the Most Beneficial Traits are more likely to Survive and Reproduce.

34. The History of Evolutionary Thought
Plato (Greek philosopher B.C.E.)-
Aristotle (Plato’s student BCE)-

35. Evidence Proof Fossils Comparative Anatomy Comparative Embryology
Vestigial Structures
Comparative Biochemistry

36. High School Challenge Lamarck v. Darwin Hardy-Weinberg equation
Who is Jean-Baptiste Lamarck & how did his take on evolution differ from Darwin’s?
Hardy-Weinberg equation
p2+2pq+q2=1; p+q=1