1. Scientific Classification Systems

2. Why a Scientific Classification System?
Ambiguity of terms
Latin “dead language”
Categorization of relationships:
Evolutionary
Structural
Biochemical
(NOT habitat)

3. 7 Classification Groups:
King
Phillip
Came
Over
From
Greece
Singing
Kingdom (most inclusive)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (most specific)

4. 5 Major Kingdoms: Monera Protista Fungi Planta Animalia
1 cell, prokaryotes
1 cell, eukaryotes & algae
Multicelled, absorptive feeders
Muticelled, autotrophs
Muticelled heterotrophs

5. Which is the most difficult to assign?
Species:
Most specific
Successful interbreeding
Fertile offspring
Donkey + Horse=
Mule (infertile)

6. Which group has the largest # organisms?
Kingdom:
Cell types ProkaryotesEukaryotes
Cell number
Nutrition
Structures

7. Plant Kingdom

8. Animal Kingdom

9. Scientific Name:
Latin
Italics or underlined
Genus species
Homo sapien

10. Classification Criteria:
Biochemistry
Behavior
Hair Color
Genetic System
Evol. History
Nutrition
Molecular Make-up
Most (DNA)
Not very
Most

11. Similar Categories:
Dolphin
Man
Fish
Whale
Bat

12. Similar Categories:
Grasshopper
Mosquito
Spider
Butterfly

13. Did Man evolve from Apes?
No!!
Similar ancestor
Both:
Animalia
Cordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hommindes

14. The Piltdown Man was accepted as an important archaeological find in because it seemed to bridge the evolutionary gap between apes and man. It was not until 1953 that, with the help of fluorine dating tests, the bones were determined to be the jaw of an orangutan with the skull of a man, both from the Middle Ages. Here, Alvan Marston explains that it is not a missing evolutionary link, but a “most elaborate hoax.”
Hulton Deutsch
"Uncovering the Piltdown Hoax," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

15. Mammals arise from Theraapsids

17. Chimpanzees: distant relatives

18. Walking upright:

19. Unlike their ape ancestors, early humans had anatomical adaptations for upright walking. The early human species Australopithecus afarensis had a wide and short pelvis and femurs (upper leg bones) that angled inward toward the knees. These adaptations provided side-to-side balance and a fulcrum for the hip muscles to hold the torso erect. In contrast, apes, such as chimpanzees, have a tall and narrow pelvis from which the femurs extend straight down.
© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
"Evolution of Upright Walking," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

20. Lemurs: distant relatives

21. The ruffed lemur lives in the eastern rain forests of Madagascar
The ruffed lemur lives in the eastern rain forests of Madagascar. The lemurs and their relatives are believed to have evolved in isolation from the monkeys and apes after Africa became separated from Madagascar over 50 million years ago. Since the arrival of humans on Madagascar over 2000 years ago, at least 14 species of lemurs are believed to have become extinct. Jean P. Varin/Jacana/Photo Researchers, Inc. "Ruffed Lemur," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

22. Piltdown “hoax”

23. Mary Evans Picture Library/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.
When Charles Darwin published The Descent of Man in 1871, he challenged the fundamental beliefs of most people by asserting that humans and apes had evolved from a common ancestor. Many critics of Darwin misunderstood his theory to mean that people had descended directly from apes. This caricature of Charles Darwin as an ape appeared in the London Sketch Book in 1874.
Mary Evans Picture Library/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.
"Caricature of Charles Darwin," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

24. Homologous or Analogous Stuctures?

25. Homologous Structures:
No (cartilage/rays)
No (bones/rays)
Yes (bones/bones)
Yes (bones/no bones)
Yes(bones/bones)
Yes(mammal bones)
Shark/Dolphin fin
Seal flipper/Fish fin
Fish tail/Whale fluke
Bat wing/Cat limb
Bird/Insect wing
Bird wing/reptile limb
Seal flipper/human arm
Dog limb/whale flipper

26. Structures that are similar due to evolutionary origin, such as the forearm bones of humans, birds, porpoises, and elephants, are called homologous. Structures that evolve separately to perform a similar function are analogous. The wings of birds, bats, and insects, for example, have different embryological origins but are all designed for flight.
© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
"Analogous and Homologous Structures," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

27. Family or Genus Relations?
Family:Felidae
Lions, tigers, leopards
house cats,cheetahs, ocelots
Genus: Panthera
Leopards (pardus)
Lion (leo)
Tigers (tigris)
Family:
Less closely related
Larger group
Genus:
More closely related
Precedes species=
interbreeding

28. Feline Family Members:

29. G. G. Dimijian/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Most authorities agree that the domestic cat descended from the Caffre cat, a small breed of African wildcat. The Caffre cat was domesticated in ancient Egypt, possibly as early as BC.
G. G. Dimijian/Photo Researchers, Inc.
"Caffre," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

30. Genus: Panthera (Lions &Tigers)

31. Classification by characteristics:
Fossil Skulls
DNA Sequences
Hair Samples
Pictures
Most Useful
Least