1. Kingdom Animalia

2. Bellringer 3/22/11—Copy questions and answer on page 29
1. Which of these organisms do you think are animals?
2. On what characteristics did you base your answer?
Gerbils
Porcupine
Sponges
Jellyfish
Barnacles

3. Characteristics of Animals
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Have to digest food
Lack cell walls
Ability to move

4. Two Categories of Animals
Invertebrates
Without a backbone
Vertebrates
With a backbone

5. Growth and Development
Fertilization: may be internal or external; most animals develop from a fertilized egg cell called a zygote.
After fertilization, the zygote of different animal species all have similar, genetically determined stages of development.

6. Body Temperatures— Endothermic vs. Ectothermic
Endotherms are warm-blooded; they maintain a stable internal body temperature (by homeostasis) regardless of environmental temp.
Ectotherms are cold-blooded; their body temperatures are dependent on environmental heat sources (temperature, basking in the sun)

7. Review Questions What are the 6 major characteristics of animals?
What is fertilization?
Name an ectothermic animal.

8. Body Symmetry
Symmetry describes the arrangement of body structures

9. Symmetry
Asymmetry: body with an irregular shape
Ex- Sponges

10. Symmetry
Radial- body can be cut through any plane and be exactly alike (Ex: Starfish)
Bilateral – body can be cut in two with both halves being exactly alike. (Ex: Humans)

11. Anatomical Terms Dorsal/Posterior—towards the back
Ventral/Anterior—towards the front
Superior—towards the head
Inferior—towards the bottom

12. Body Plan Terms
Cephalization—concentration of sensory/brain structures at anterior end of animal (head)

13. Digestive System: Function = Provides energy
HOW???
1) stores & digests food; 2)absorbs nutrients; 3) eliminates wastes
Incomplete digestive system: one opening; food and waste enter and exit from the same opening
Complete digestive system: two openings; food enters the mouth and wastes exit the anus

14. Skeletal System: FUNCTION = Provides protection
Exoskeleton:
Rigid outer covering to protect the animal’s soft tissue
Limits size & impedes movement
Does not grow; must be shed & replaced
Endoskeleton:
Internal skeleton
Can support a large, heavy body
Grows as the animal grows

15. FYI
The endoskeleton is an internal skeleton that protects internal organs and provides an internal brace for muscles to pull against.
Bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals all have endoskeletons made of bone.

16. Review Questions
What are the three types of symmetry? What are some animal examples of each?
What are some of the anatomical terms used to describe animals?
What type of digestive system do humans have?

17. Circulatory System: FUNCTION = Moves materials to and from the cells
Open circulation—fluid pumped from vessels into body cavity, then returned to vessels (Ex. arthropods and most mollusks)
Closed circulation-- fluid stays in vessels (Ex. some mollusks, higher invertebrates, and all vertebrates

18. Reproductive System: FUNCTION = Provides offspring
Hermaphrodites- individuals who have both male & female reproductive structure; usually sessile (fixed in one place) – this increases the chances of finding a mate

19. Reproductive System: FUNCTION = Provides offspring
Asexual reproduction- Involves only one parent; no recombination of genes—a clone is made
Sexual reproduction- Involves two parents; recombines genes from two parents; helps with genetic recombination

20. Reproductive System: FUNCTION = Provides offspring
External fertilization- egg and sperm are released into the water; large numbers of eggs
Internal fertilization- eggs are fertilized by sperm inside the mother’s body; fewer numbers of eggs

21. Reproductive System: FUNCTION = Provides offspring
Amniote egg; an egg enclosed in amniotic fluid and membranes for protection

22. Phylum Porifera Phylum Cnidaria
Animal Phyla
Phylum Porifera
Phylum Cnidaria

23. Phylum: Porifera “Sponges”
CHARACTERISTICS:
Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Asymetrical (no shape)
Digestive System – None
Skeletal System – None
Circulatory System – None
Reproductive System –
Hermaphrodite or Asexual
Examples - Sponges
Phylum: Porifera “Sponges”

24. Phylum: Porifera *means “pore-bearing”
*simplest multicellular animals.
Description:
a.) sessile – do not move.
b.) filter-feeders
c.) no tissues or organs.
d.) spicules make up skeleton.
e.) osculum - opening at top

25. Phylum: CNIDARIA CHARACTERISTICS: Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Radial symmetry
Digestive System – Incomplete
Skeletal System – None
Circulatory System – None
*Reproductive System Hermaphrodite or Asexual
hydra
Phylum: CNIDARIA
Sea anemone
jellyfish

26. Phylum: CNIDARIA Examples: hydra, jellyfish, coral, sea anemone
Description:
a.) have tentacles
b.) have nematocyst – stinging cells
c.) body forms: medusa & polyp
MEDUSA FORM – mobile
POLYP FORM - sessile

27. Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylum Nematoda Phylum Mollusca

28. Phylum: Platyhelminthes “Flatworms”
planarian
CHARACTERISTICS:
Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
“BILATERAL” symmetry
Digestive System – Incomplete
Skeletal System – None
Circulatory System – None
*Reproductive System Hermaphrodite or Asexual
Phylum: Platyhelminthes “Flatworms”
tapeworm
fluke

29. Phylum: Platyhelminthes
*from Greek “platy” means “flat”, and
“helminthes” means “worm”.
Description:
a.) soft, flat and unsegmented body
b.) many are parasitic
c.) a mouth but no anus
d.) nerve system called nerve net.
Examples:
planarians, tapeworms, flukes
Nerve net
fluke

30. Life Cycle of a Flatworm
Adult flukes
Embryos
released
Larva
Snail host
Human
host

31. Phylum: NEMATODA “ROUND WORMS”
HOOKWORM
CHARACTERISTICS:
Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Bilateral symmetry
Digestive System – *COMPLETE
Skeletal System – None
Circulatory System – None
*Reproductive System - * Hermaphrodites
SPECIAL FEATURES:
Complete Digestive System
Hermaphrodites
Phylum: NEMATODA “ROUND WORMS”
trichinosis

32. hookworms, pinworms, trichinella
Phylum: NEMATODA
hookworm
Description:
a.) cylindrical, ROUND body
b.) *contain 3 cell layers
c.) *complete digestive system.
d.) many are parasitic
Examples:
hookworms, pinworms, trichinella
Ascaris
Trichinella

33. FYI: Roundworm parasites of humans
Hookworm infections are common in humans in warm climates where they walk on contaminated soil in bare feet.
FYI: Roundworm parasites of humans
Hookworms cause people to feel weak and tired due to blood loss.

34. FYI: Roundworm parasites of humans
Pinworms are the most common human roundworm parasites in the United States.
Pinworms are highly contagious because eggs can survive for up to two weeks on surfaces.

35. FYI: Ascaris
Eggs of Ascaris are found in soil and enter a human’s body through the mouth.
Ascaris worm coming out of a pig.

36. FYI: Heartworms
Spread from host to host through the bites of mosquitoes.
Most common host is the dog but it can also infect cats, wolves, coyotes, foxes and other animals, such as ferrets, sea lions and even, under very rare circumstances, humans.

37. Phylum: MOLLUSCA CHARACTERISTICS: Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Bilateral symmetry
Digestive System – Complete
Skeletal System – None
Circulatory System – *OPEN*
*Reproductive System –
*Hermaphrodites (some)
**SPECIAL FEATURES**
2 or 3 chambered heart.
Squid
Phylum: MOLLUSCA
Nautilus
octopus

38. Phylum: MOLLUSCA Giant clam Sea Slug Description:
*from Latin word, “molluscus” - soft
*2ND Largest Phylum of Animals
Description:
a.) consists of shell and soft body
b.) 3 Main Body Parts
*head, visceral mass, and foot
c.) have simple nervous systems and some even have brains
d.) terrestrial and marine
Examples:
oysters, clams, snails, slugs,
octopus, squid, nautilus
Giant clam
Sea Slug

39. Mollusks

40. Phylum: ANNELIDA “Segmented worms”
CHARACTERISTICS:
Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Bilateral symmetry
Digestive System – Complete
Skeletal System – None
Circulatory System – *Closed*
*Reproductive System –
*Hermaphrodites; Sexual Reproduction
**SPECIAL FEATURES**
Closed Circulatory System
Earthworm
Phylum: ANNELIDA “Segmented worms”
Leeches

41. Phylum: ANNELIDA “Segmented worms”
Beard worm
Description:
a.) oxygen diffuses through skin
b.) have setae—external bristles for movement
c.) terrestrial and marine
Examples:
Earthworms, leeches, marine worms
Phylum: ANNELIDA “Segmented worms”
Christmas tree worm

42. Phylum: ARTHROPODA “Arthropods”
Crabs
CHARACTERISTICS:
Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Bilateral symmetry
Digestive System – Complete
Skeletal System – Exo-
Circulatory System – *Closed*
*Reproductive System –
*Sexual Reproduction
**SPECIAL FEATURES**
Jointed parts
Phylum: ARTHROPODA “Arthropods”
Bull Ant

43. b.) they shed exoskeletons by molting
Locust molting
Description:
a.) have segments fused into three main body sections: head, thorax, abdomen
b.) they shed exoskeletons by molting
c.) terrestrial and marine (breathe by gills, chest holes, or lungs)
Examples:
Insects, arachnids, millipedes, centipedes, crustaceans
“Evil” Butterflies
Lobster

44. A termite mound made by the cathedral termite

45. The Arachnids: Ticks & Mites
American House Mites

46. Phylum: Echinodermata “Echinoderms”
CHARACTERISTICS:
Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Radial symmetry
Digestive System – Complete
Skeletal System – Exo-
Circulatory System – Open
Reproductive System –
* Sexually with gametes, asexually with regeneration
**SPECIAL FEATURES**
Both sexual & asexual
Phylum: Echinodermata “Echinoderms”

47. Egyptian Sea Star Sand Dollars
Spiny Cushion Sea Star
Description:
a.) have exoskeletons made of calcium carbonate.
b.) Move with tube feet—appendages with suction cups
c.) Have mouth, stomach, intestines, but no head/brain
Examples:
Sea stars (starfish), sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, feather stars
Feather
Star
Egyptian Sea Star Sand Dollars