John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar

John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar
Gaia Engineering Global Sustainability Alliance Members as at Feb 07: Greensols Pty. Ltd. (Prof. Chris Cuff) TecEco Pty. Ltd. (John Harrison) The name Gaia Engineering is a tribute to James Lovelock who got us all thinking that “We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them." (Einstein)

Gaia Engineering is that solution
Even if the annual flow of emissions was frozen today, the level of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere would still reach double its pre-industrial levels by In fact, emissions are increasing rapidly and the level of 550ppm could be reached as early as 2035. Stern review Executive Summary Page 3 para 6 Our view is that this is a crisis and it is time we stopped stuffing around and went for the solution that can solve the problem quickly, economically and without huge suffering and losses. Gaia Engineering is that solution

Gaia Engineering Presentation Roadmap
The Global Sustainability Alliance Background Materials through the Techno-Process The supply and waste chains and in use Economics Biomimicry/Geomimicry Gaia Engineering Introduction Components of Gaia Engineering Outcomes of Gaia Engineering

Global Sustainability Alliance
Our mission is to develop Gaia Engineering that substantially reverses damaging molecular flows that are a consequence of materials flows on the planet As the built environment is man made and involves large flows it is the obvious place to permanently fix CO2 and other wastes Gaia engineering is potentially profitable as it results in the production of valuable commodities including fresh water and building materials

Demographic Explosion
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Demographic Explosion ? Undeveloped Countries A Planet in Crisis Developed Countries DEMOGRAPHICS Global population, consumption per capita and our footprint on the planet is exploding. The graph shows population. I wouldn’t like to see a graph of per capita consumption added. The two together would be frightening. The world population passed 6 billion in At the current rate the world will have 7 billion people soon after the year The overwhelming share of world population growth is taking place in developing countries and has more than doubled in 35 years, growing from 1.89 billion in 1955 to 4.13 billion in 1990. Significant proportions of population increases in the developing countries have been and will be absorbed by urban areas which are growing five times faster than urban areas in developed countries. Global population, consumption per capita and our footprint on the planet are exploding.

Ecological Footprint Exceeds Capacity
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Ecological Footprint Exceeds Capacity Source: WWF State of the Planet, 2005 Our footprint is exceeding the capacity of the planet to support it. We are not longer sustainable and the environment is no longer sustainable – we must change our ways to survive

Energy Peak Oil Production (Campell 2004) Most models of oil reserves, production and consumption show peak oil around 2010 (Campbell 2005) and serious undersupply and rapidly escalating prices by It follows that there will be economic mayhem unless the we act now to reduce and change the energy base of our economies.

The Carbon Cycle and Emissions
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar The Carbon Cycle and Emissions Emissions from fossil fuels and cement production are a significant cause of the global warming. We need to increase the sedimentary carbon sink CEMENT EMMISSIONS Cement manufacture contributes significantly to global warming as I am sure Vijay Rangan has or will tell you. As members of the industry we are trying to do something about the problem. That is why we are all here today 4.5 billion years of geological sequestration have resulted in 7% of the crust being carbonate Units: GtC GtC/yr After: David Schimel and Lisa Dilling, National Centre for Atmospheric Research 2003

Global Warming Rises in the levels of greenhouse gases ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE Of particular concern and therefore the most studied is the problem of CO2 in the atmosphere and the global warming that results. The level of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels is rising too rapidly for natural processes to absorb and in the air has risen from 280 parts per million in pre-industrial times to just under 380 parts per million in 2004. Are causing a rapid rise in temperature

CO2 and Temperature Hansen, J et. al. Climate Change and Trace Gases The correlation between temperature and CO2 in the atmosphere over the last 450,000 years is very good Should we continue to live in denial?

Fresh Water A finite resource Population rising Per capita use rising Water-stress 1/3 world's population By 2025, 2/3 due to global warming. 1 person in 5 do not have access to safe drinking water Yet water is the most common substance on the planet.

Tec and Eco-Cements use waste.
Waste & Pollution Ill health. Contamination of global commons with dangerous molecules. Increased traffic, noise, odours, smoke, dust, litter and pests. There are various estimates, but we produce about million tonnes of waste each year. Tec and Eco-Cements use waste.

One Planet, Many People, Many Interconnected Problems
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar One Planet, Many People, Many Interconnected Problems Global Sustainability Alliance Partners are in the BIGGEST Business on the Planet – Economic Solutions to our Energy, Global Warming, Water and Waste Problems.

The Techno-Process Underlying the techno-process that describes and controls the flow of matter and energy through the supply and waste chains are molecular stocks and flows. If out of synch with nature these moleconomic flows have detrimental affects on earth systems. Biosphere Geosphere Detrimental affects on earth systems Waste Take Move billion tonnes Use some 50 billion tonnes Materials Manipulate Materials Make and Use Anthroposphere THE TECHNO-PROCESS Most of you will have by now come to realise that there is a process often described as the “take use waste process” that I call the techno process. Unfortunately there are affects on global systems that are detrimental. To reduce the impact on earth systems new technical paradigms need to be invented and cultural changes evolve that result in materials flows with underlying molecular flows that mimic or at least do not interfere with natural flows and that support rather than detrimentally impact on earth systems.

Earth Systems Science Courtesy NASA Earth system science treats the entire Earth as a system in its own right, which evolves as a result of positive and negative feedback between constituent systems (Wiki)

The Earth System Atmosphere Biosphere Geosphere Hydrosphere
The earth system consists of positive and negative feedback loops. Small changes caused by man such as CO2 and other climate forcing as well as pollution impact right across all interconnected systems throughout the global commons Atmosphere Anthropo-sphere Biosphere Geosphere Hydrosphere

How Flows in the Techno-Process Effect Earth Systems
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar How Flows in the Techno-Process Effect Earth Systems Take → Manipulate → Make → Use → Waste [ ←Materials→ ] [ ← Underlying molecular flow → ] These underlying molecular flows are damaging the environment e.g. heavy metals, cfc’s, c=halogen compounds and CO2 Moleconomics Is the study of the form of atoms in molecules, their flow, interactions, balances, stocks and positions. What we take from the environment around us, how we manipulate and make materials out of what we take and what we waste result in underlying molecular flows that affect earth systems. These flows should mimic or minimally interfere with natural flows. MOLECONOMIC FLOWS Underlying the flow of materials through the techno process is a moleconomic flow of molecules that is out of tune with the rest of the planet and causing damage to the environment. If you want to know more about the science of moleconomics please go to our web site and look under projects.

Detrimental Impacts of the Techno-Process
Detrimental Linkages that affect earth system flows Take manipulate and make impacts End of lifecycle impacts Materials are in the Techno-Sphere Utility zone There is no such place as “away” Materials are everything between the take and waste and affect earth system flows. Greater Utility Less Utility

Materials – Important for Sustainability
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Materials – Important for Sustainability The choice of materials controls underlying molecular flows, (the study of moleconomics) Affected are emissions, lifetime and embodied energies, physical properties such as specific heat and conductance, use of recycled wastes, durability, recyclability and the properties of wastes returned to the biosphere and geosphere

Changing the Techno-Process
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Changing the Techno-Process Take => manipulate => make => use => waste Driven by fossil fuel energy with detrimental moleconomic effects. Reduce Re-use Recycle INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY – CHANGING THE TECHNO-PROCESS I am sure you will have all heard of the three R’s. Reduce, reuse and recycle, to which some add re-make. Industrial ecology, the idea that the waste output of one kind of activity can be resource input for another, is most easily achieved in the construction industry. The materials used determine many properties including weight, embodied energies, fuel related and chemical emissions, lifetime energies, user comfort and health, use of recycled wastes, durability, recyclability and the properties of wastes returned to the bio-geo-sphere. If you cannot recycle for chemical property recycle on the basis of physical properties the material would contribute to a composite. There is huge scope for sequestration and conversion of waste to resource given the massive size of the materials flows involved in the built environment. With the right materials technology, because of its sheer size, the built environment could reduce the take from the bio-geo-sphere and utilise many different wastes including carbon dioxide Materials Atoms and Molecules in the global commons

Economically Driven Sustainability
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Economically Driven Sustainability New, more profitable technical paradigms are required that result in more sustainable and usually more efficient moleconomic flows that mimic natural flows or better, reverse our damaging flows. ECONOMICALLY DRIVEN SUSTAINABILITY Our approach must not only be holistic, but also economic if we are to have any hope of success. Working for sustainability market forces will make all the difference. The challenge is to move the supply and demand of resources towards more sustainable outcomes by stimulating and harnessing human behaviours which underlay economic demand phenomena, through cultural change push by governments and other leaders, and real improvement in technical and other properties as I will explain in the next slide. Sustainable processes like the new TecEco technologies are more efficient and therefore more economic. $ - ECONOMICS - $ Change is only possible economically. It will not happen because it is necessary or right.

Changing the Technology Paradigm
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Changing the Technology Paradigm It is not so much a matter of “dematerialisation” as a question of changing the underlying moleconomic flows. We need materials that require less energy to make them, do not pollute the environment with CO2 and other releases, last much longer and that contribute properties that reduce lifetime energies. The key is to change the technology paradigms “By enabling us to make productive use of particular raw materials, technology determines what constitutes a physical resource1” Pilzer, Paul Zane, Unlimited Wealth, The Theory and Practice of Economic Alchemy, Crown Publishers Inc. New York.1990

Cultural Change Al Gore (SOS) CSIRO reports STERN Report
Lots of Talkfest IPCC Report Branson Prize Live Earth (07/07/07) The media have a growing role

Sustainability is Where Culture and Technology Meet
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Economics Sustainability is Where Culture and Technology Meet Increase in demand/price ratio for greater sustainability due to cultural change. $ Supply Equilibrium Shift Greater Value/for impact (Sustainability) and economic growth ECONOMICS We must rapidly move both the supply and demand curves for sustainability Demand CULTURAL CHANGE AND PARADIGM SHIFTS IN TECHNOLOGY Changes in the market interaction of demand and supply reducing energy and resource usage and detrimental linkages with the planet can be achieved through cultural change and innovative changes in the technical paradigm. Increase in supply/price ratio for more sustainable products due to technical innovation. # A measure of the degree of sustainability of an industrial ecology is where the demand for more sustainable technologies is met by their supply.

Learning from Nature (Biomimicry)
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Learning from Nature (Biomimicry) Nature is the most frugal economist of all. The waste from one plant or animal is the food or home for another. In nature photosynthesis balances respiration and recycling is the norm By studying nature “we learn who we are, what we are and how we are to be.” (Wright, F.L. 1957:269) There is a strong need for similar efficiency and balance in our techno-process By learning from Nature we can all live together BIOMIMICRY The philosophy and chemistry of TecEco technology is backed by the greatest and longest experiment of all time – that of life on this planet. Little is wasted in nature, the waste from one living thing being the home or food for another. We must, like nature, devise ways of using carbon dioxide and other wastes.

Biomimicry The term biomimicry was popularised by the book of the same name written by Janine Benyus Biomimicry is a method of solving problems that uses natural processes and systems as a source of knowledge and inspiration. It involves nature as model, measure and mentor. The theory behind biomimicry is that natural processes and systems have evolved over several billion years through a process of research and development commonly referred to as evolution. A reoccurring theme in natural systems is the cyclical flow of matter in such a way that there is no waste of matter and very little of energy. Nature is very economical about all Processes. We must also be MUCH more economical

Biomimicry - Ultimate Recyclers
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Biomimicry - Ultimate Recyclers As peak oil start to bite and the price of transport rises sharply We should not just be recycling based on chemical property requiring transport to large centralised sophisticated and expensive facilities We should be including CO2 and wastes based on physical properties as well as chemical composition in composites whereby they become local resources. The Jackdaw recycles all sorts of things it finds nearby based on physical property. The bird is not concerned about chemical composition and the nest it makes could be described as a composite material. TecEco cements are benign binders that can incorporate all sort of wastes without reaction problems. We can do the same as the Jackdaw

Utilizing Carbon and Wastes
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Utilizing Carbon and Wastes During earth's geological history large tonnages of carbon were put away as limestone and other carbonates and as coal and petroleum by the activity of plants and animals. Sequestering carbon in calcium and magnesium carbonate materials and other wastes in the built environment mimics nature in that carbon is used in the homes or skeletal structures of most plants and animals. CO2 C Waste We all use carbon and wastes to make our homes! In eco-cement blocks and mortars the binder is carbonate and the aggregates are preferably wastes “Biomimicry - Geomimicry” BIOMIMICRY The philosophy and chemistry of TecEco technology is backed by the greatest and longest experiment of all time – that of life on this planet. Little is wasted in nature, the waste from one living thing being the home or food for another. We must, like nature, devise ways of using carbon dioxide and other wastes.

Geomimicry There are grams of magnesium and about .4 grams of calcium in every litre of seawater. There is enough calcium and magnesium in seawater with replenishment to last billions of years at current needs for sequestration. To survive we must build our homes like these seashells using CO2 and alkali metal cations. This is geomimicry Carbonate sediments such as these cliffs represent billions of years of sequestration and cover 7% of the crust.

Geomimicry for Planetary Engineers?
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Geomimicry for Planetary Engineers? Large tonnages of carbon were put away during earth’s geological history as limestone, dolomite, magnesite, coal and oil by the activity of plants and animals. Shellfish built shells from it and Trees turned it into wood. These same plants and animals wasted nothing The waste from one was the food or home for another. Because of the colossal size of the flows involved the answer to the problems of greenhouse gas and waste is to use them both in building materials. Materials are very important

Geomimicry for Planetary Engineers?
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Geomimicry for Planetary Engineers? The answer to the problems of greenhouse gas and waste is to use them both in building materials. Such a paradigm shift in resource usage will not occur because it is the right thing to do. It can only happen economically. We must put an economic value on carbon to solve global warming by inventing new technical paradigms such as offered by the Global Sustainability Alliance in Gaia Engineering. Evolving culturally to effectively use these technical paradigms By using carbon dioxide and other wastes as a building materials we could economically reduce their concentration in the global commons. Materials are very important

Making Carbonate Building Materials to Solve the Global Warming Problem How much magnesium carbonate would have to be deposited to solve the problem of global warming? 12 billion tonnes CO2 ~= billion tonnes magnesite The density of magnesite is 3 gm/cm3 or 3 tonne/metre3 Thus 22.9/3 billion cubic metres ~= 7.63 cubic kilometres of magnesite are required to be deposited each year. Compared to the over seven cubic kilometres of concrete we make every year, the problem of global warming looks surmountable. If magnesite was our building material of choice and we could make it without releases as is the case with Gaia Engineering, we have the problem as good as solved! We must build with carbonate and waste

The Gaia Engineering Process
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar The Gaia Engineering Process Gaia Engineering delivers profitable outcomes whilst reversing underlying undesirable moleconomic flows from other less sustainable techno-processes outside the tececology. Inputs: Atmospheric or smokestack CO2, brines, waste acid, other wastes Outputs: Potable water, gypsum, sodium bicarbonate, salts, building materials, bottled concentrated CO2 (for algal fuel production and other uses). Carbonate building components CO2 CO2 Solar or solar derived energy CO2 TecEco Kiln TecEco MgCO2 Cycle CO2 Eco-Cement MgO MgCO3 Greensols Process 1.29 gm/l Mg Coal Carbon or carbon compounds Magnesium compounds Fossil fuels Oil

Gaia Engineering Introduction
Gaia Engineering is a combination of new technologies including A seawater separation technology from Greensols Pty. Ltd. TecEco’s Tec-Kiln technology and cements Carbon dioxide scrubbing technologies TecEco' Eco-Cements

Gaia Engineering Introduction (2)
Gaia engineering profitably geomimics past planetary geological processes and adopted on a large scale will: Sequester significant amounts of atmospheric CO2 Add value to the salts recoverable from sea water Convert large volumes of waste to valuable resource Produce fresh water.

Gaia Engineering Introduction (3)
Gaia Engineering works like a giant ecological pump. Inputs include Seawater or suitable brine CO2 Waste acid Other wastes of all kinds A small amount of energy Outputs include Gypsum, sodium bicarbonate and various other valuable salts. Magnesium carbonate building components. TecEco Tec, Eco and Enviro-Cements. Waste utlisation. Fresh water.

Gaia Engineering The Gaia Engineering tececology could be thought of as an open technical ecology designed to reverse major damaging moleconomic and other system flows outside the tececology Industrial Ecologies are generally thought of as closed loop systems with minimal or low impacts outside the ecology The Gaia Engineering tececology is not closed and is designed to reverse damaging moleconomic flows outside the ecology - LIKE A GIANT ECOLOGICAL PUMP

Gaia Engineering Greensols Seawater Carbonation Process. 1.354 x 109 km3 Seawater containing tonne Mg or suitable brines from other sources Waste Acid Gypsum + carbon waste (e.g. sewerage) = fertilizers Bicarbonate of Soda (NaHCO3) CO2 from power generation or industry Other salts Na+,K+, Ca2+,Cl- Gypsum (CaSO4) Sewerage compost Simplified TecEco Reactions Tec-Kiln MgCO3 → MgO + CO kJ/mole Reactor Process MgO + CO2 → MgCO kJ/mole (usually more complex hydrates) MgO Production using solar energy CO2 + H2O => Energy rich biomass using blue green algae (MgCO2) Cycle CO2 from power generation, industry or out of the air Magnesite (MgCO3) Tec-Reactor Hydroxide / Carbonate slurry process Magnesia (MgO) Solar Process to Produce Magnesium Metal Sequestration Table – Mg from Seawater CO2 Tonnes CO2 sequestered per tonne magnesium with various cycles through the TecEco Tec-Kiln process. Assuming no leakage MgO to built environment (i.e. complete cycles). Billion Tonnes Tonnes CO2 sequestered by 1 billion tonnes of Mg in seawater Tonnes CO2 captured during calcining (same as above) Tonnes CO2 captured by eco-cement Total tonnes CO2 sequestered or abated per tonne Mg in seawater (Single calcination cycle). Total tonnes CO2 sequestered or abated (Five calcination cycles.) Total tonnes CO2 sequestered or abated (Ten calcination cycles). 36.20 Eco-Cement Tec-Cement Other Wastes

Gaia Engineering Inputs Brines Waste Acid Wastes CO2 Gaia Engineering VECTORS The Gaia Engineering process starts with either magnesium silicates or the Greensols process. In the case of silicates, magnesium carbonates are produced using proven mineral sequestration technology and then transferred to the MgCO3 cycle. The Greensols process on the other hand uses carbon dioxide from power stations and waste acid to extract magnesium carbonate and other salts from seawater or suitable brines and produces potable water as a by-product. The MgCO3 from either process is then calcined in the TecEco kiln which removes and captures carbon dioxide, ready for incorporation for example into cellulose or fuel made by genetically engineered blue green algae, and produces magnesium oxide. This magnesium oxide can either be used to make TecEco cements which in the case of eco-cement absorb more atmospheric CO2 as they harden or alternatively be used to sequester more CO2 in a hydroxide/carbonate slurry capture process. The MgCO3 produced by the hydroxide slurry process can be decarbonated and cycle around that process indefinitely as in this slide. Outputs Gypsum, Sodium bicarbonate, Salts, Building materials, Potable water

Greensols – Making Carbonate Building Components
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Greensols – Making Carbonate Building Components Greensols Pty. Ltd is an Australian company with an economic technology to precipitate out carbonates and other valuable compounds from sea water and brines and in the process sequester significant amounts of carbon dioxide and produce valuable by products including fresh water.

Greensols Carbon Capture
Strongly charged ions such as calcium, magnesium and carbonate attract hydration shells of water around them. Magnesium and calcium ions polar bond to oxygen and the negative carbonate ion to hydrogen. These bonds can propagate through several layers of water and are strong enough to prevent the formation of calcium and magnesium carbonates even from supersaturated solutions.

The Greensols Process The Greensols process uses waste acid to de-polarise a statistical proportion of water molecules by attaching a proton whereby positively charged sodium, calcium or magnesium ions as well as negatively charged ions including carbonate ions are released, can combine and then precipitate.

John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Greensols Carbon Capture Hydration shelling of water around calcium or magnesium Ions because of the strong charge of especially magnesium to the oxygen end of water Similar hydration shelling occurs around the negative carbonate ion through polar bonding to the hydrogen ends of water

John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Greensols Carbon Capture The addition of a proton to water using strong waste acid results in its depolarisation whereby it no longer electronically holds as many ions (sodium, calcium, magnesium or carbonate etc.) statistically releasing them and allowing them to combine and precipitate as carbonates and other more valuable salts leaving behind essentially fresh water

John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Greensols Carbon Capture + = Mg CO3_ _ => MgCO3 The statistical release of both cations and anions results in precipitation of for example magnesium carbonate as shown above.

Advantages of Greensols
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Advantages of Greensols GREENSOLS REVERSE OSMOSIS Low energy costs - Does not work against the electronic forces in water. Relatively high energy costs - Works against the hydrogen bonding of water to separate it from its ions Low maintenance - The plant consists of low cost replaceable pumps High Maintenance - The membranes need cleaning and changing at regular intervals. No damaging or dangerous outputs Highly saline water is potentially damaging Value adds include fresh water, sequestration, valuable salts and building products The only value add is fresh water

The Tec-Reactor Hydroxide Carbonate Slurry Process
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar The Tec-Reactor Hydroxide Carbonate Slurry Process The solubility of carbon dioxide gas in seawater Increases as the temperature approached zero and Is at a maxima around 4oC This phenomenon is related to the chemical nature of CO2 and water and Can be utilised in a carbonate – hydroxide slurry process to capture CO2 out of the air and release it to storage or use in a controlled manner

The MgCO2 Process (Magnesium Thermodynamic Cycle)
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar The MgCO2 Process (Magnesium Thermodynamic Cycle) The MgCO2 (magnesium thermodynamic cycle) is very important for sequestration and is used for the formation of valuable building product TOTAL CALCINING ENERGY Relative to MgCO3 Theoretical = 1480 kJ.Kg With inefficiencies = 1948 kJ.Kg-1 Tec-Kiln CO2 + H2O => Hydrocarbons compounds using algae CO2 Magnesite Dehydration Eco-Cements Calcination Representative of other hydrated mineral carbonates Calcification MgCO3 => MgO + CO2 ΔH = kJ.mol-1 ΔG = kJ.mol-1 Magnesia Nesquehonite Carbonation Mg(OH)2.nH2O +CO2 +2H2O => MgCO3.3H2O ΔH = kJ.mol ΔG = kJ.mol Carbonation Hydration MgO + H2O => Mg(OH)2.nH2O ΔH = kJ.mol ΔG = kJ.mol Brucite Tec, Eco and Enviro-Cements

Tec-Kiln Technology Runs at low temperatures minimising the development of lattice energy. Can be powered by various non fossil sources of energy such as solar energy or waste heat. CO2 + H2O => Hydrocarbons compounds using algae MgO Production using solar energy Grinds and calcines at the same time thereby running 25% to 30% more efficiency. Brings mineral sequestration and geological sequestration together. Captures CO2 for bottling and use for fuel manufacture using algae and other life forms o other purposes. The products – CaO and/or MgO can be used to sequester more CO2 and then be re-calcined. This cycle can then be repeated. Suitable for making reactive reactive MgO.Will result in new markets for ultra reactive low lattice energy MgO (e.g. cement, paper and environment industries) CAPTURE OF CO2 The capture of CO2 at source during the manufacturing process is easier for the calcination of magnesium carbonates than any other carbonate mainly because the process occurs at relatively low temperatures. TecEco Pty. Ltd. own intellectual property in relation to a new tec-kiln in which grinding and calcining can occur at the same time in the same vessel for higher efficiencies and easy capture of CO2. Provided sufficient uses can be found for pure CO2 produced during manufacture whereby it is also permanently sequestered, a system for sequestration on a massive scale using carbonates as building materials is very promising. Possibilities for alternative permanent disposal are in materials such as plastics or deep underground where CO2 reacts with country rock forming more carbonate.

Why Magnesium Carbonates for Sequestration?
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Why Magnesium Carbonates for Sequestration? Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Period 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba * 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra ** 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Uun 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 115 Uup 116 Uuh 117 Uus 118 Uuo *Lanthanoids 57 La 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb **Actinoids 89 Ac 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No Because of the low molecular weight of magnesium, it is ideal for scrubbing CO2 out of the air and sequestering the gas into the built environment: More CO2 is captured than in calcium systems as the calculations below show. At 2.09% of the crust magnesium is the 8th most abundant element Sea-water contains 1.29 gm/litre Magnesium minerals are potential low cost. New kiln technology from TecEco will enable easy low cost simple non fossil fuel calcination of magnesium carbonate with CO2 capture for other uses. (e.g. algal production of fuel) Magnesium compounds have low pH and polar bond in composites making them suitable for waste utilisation. WHY MAGNESIUM? There are a number of good reasons to use magnesium as a means of capturing carbon dioxide (as in the chlorophyll molecule). The main ones being the small mass of the atom and the fact that you can make magnesium oxide or remove the CO2 from the carbonate relatively easily.

Why Materials for the Built Environment?
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Why Materials for the Built Environment? The built environment is made of materials and is our footprint on earth. It comprises buildings and infrastructure. Construction materials comprise 70% of materials flows (buildings, infrastructure etc.) 40-50% of waste that goes to landfill (15 % of new materials going to site are wasted.) Over 30 billion tonnes of building materials are used annually on a world wide basis. Mostly using virgin natural resources Combined in such a manner that they cannot easily be separated. Include many toxic elements. THE IMPORTANCE OF MATERIALS Materials are our footprint on the planet and of first consideration in our quest to devise ways of using carbon dioxide and other wastes. Building materials comprise: 70% of materials flows (buildings, infrastructure etc.) 40-50% of waste that goes to landfill (15 % of new materials going to site are wasted.) Why not use magnesium carbonates components from Greensols and Eco-Cements from TecEco?

Huge Potential for More Sustainable Construction Materials
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Huge Potential for More Sustainable Construction Materials Reducing the impact of the take and waste phases of the techno-process by. including carbon in materials they are potentially carbon sinks. including wastes for physical properties as well as chemical composition they become resources. re engineering materials to reduce the lifetime energy of buildings A durable low pH binder high bonding system is required for effective waste utilisation such as Tec and Eco-Cements developed by TecEco Many wastes including CO2 can contribute to physical properties reducing lifetime energies CO2 C Waste UTILISING WASTE IN CITIES TecEco advocate the development of materials that include waste based on physical as well as chemical properties and that reduce the lifetime energy of buildings by introducing new properties.

Earthship Brighton Earthship Brighton, the first building in the world made with Eco-Cement which sets by absorbing CO2 and wastes

TecEco Cements Tec-cements (Low MgO) contain more Portland cement than reactive magnesia. Reactive magnesia hydrates in the same rate order as Portland cement forming Brucite which uses up water reducing the voids:paste ratio, increasing density and possibly raising the short term pH. Reactions with pozzolans are more affective. After all the Portlandite has been consumed Brucite controls the long term pH which is lower and due to it’s low solubility, mobility and reactivity results in greater durability. Other benefits include improvements in density, strength and rheology, reduced permeability and shrinkage and the use of a wider range of aggregates many of which are potentially wastes without reaction problems.

TecEco Cements Eco-cements (High MgO) contain more reactive magnesia than in tec-cements. Brucite in porous materials carbonates forming stronger fibrous mineral carbonates and therefore presenting huge opportunities for waste utilisation and sequestration. The low pH and high hydrogen bonding make Eco-Cements ideal for binding other materials including most wastes. Enviro-cements (High MgO) contain similar ratios of MgO and OPC to eco-cements but in non porous concretes brucite does not carbonate readily. Higher proportions of magnesia are most suited to toxic and hazardous waste immobilisation and when durability is required. Strength is not developed quickly nor to the same extent.

Cements Net Emissions/Sequestration Compared
(Gaia Engineering Assumed)

A Sustainable Built Environment
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar A Sustainable Built Environment CO2 + H2O => Hydrocarbons compounds using bacteria CO2 OTHERWASTES CO2 CO2 PERMANENT SEQUESTRATION & WASTE UTILISATION (Man made carbonate rock incorporating wastes as a building material) Pareto’s principle -80% of the build environment in non structural and could be carbonate from Greensols held together by Eco-Cements GREENSOLS MgO ECO-CEMENT CONCRETES MAGNESIUM CARBONATE TECECO KILN RECYCLED BUILDING MATERIALS “There is a way to make our city streets as green as the Amazon rainforest”. Fred Pearce, New Scientist Magazine TECECO’S DREAM Our dream is to create cities that mimic nature in that have a balance of carbon, other wastes and energy. SUSTAINABLE CITIES

Planetary Engineering - Reduction Global CO2 from Gaia Engineering Processes Gaia Engineering CAN MAKE A REAL CONTRIBUTION We are even more excited about Gaia Engineering now we have modelled the possible contribution it could make to reducing CO2 in the air

Carbonate Sequestration in Built Environment
John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar Carbonate Sequestration in Built Environment

John Harrison Presentation CIA (WA) Seminar

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