1. A Short introduction for selected cases from China
DR. ZHANG LI,
Assistant Professor
MA Supervisor
THE COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE & URBAN PLANNING
TONGJI UNIVERSITY

2. Shanghai: smooth land, no mountains, only one small hill

3. A CASE: NOT PRACTICED, BUT COULD BE PRE-DESCRIBED

4. FAR=0.3

5. In China: The land ownership and using rights are separated.
The land rights belong to government, the property rights belongs to individuals.
The land law: permit local government to call back the property rights for common interest
The question is “what is for common interest”?
”how much could the property owner get?”
Our government has strong power to develop the lands.
The government pulls down 1000 m2 buildings and then build up 2000 m2 buildings.
By that way, local government earn and reinvest to infrastrucure.
FAR=3.0

6. THIS IS THE FUTURE OF URBAN VILLAGE

7. CASE 2 IN GUANGZHOU
How can this redevelopment practice if no government invest?
How is about the community life in this site?
Fire Security?
Sunshine?
Fresh air?
Landscape?
NOW FAR=5.0
FAR=??

8. CASE 3 IN SHANGHAI

9. Sinan Mansions（Hotel）

11. Site Design Orientation：RECONSIDERING
Where is our site? What is the connection to this city?
What is the function for our site?
What is community life? How much can we improve it?
How to make it to practice by design?
Is (Are) there any architecture(s) to be worthy to protect?
How to mark the site history in your design?
Who will use this site and the buildings(architecture)?
Think widely, Focus narrowly-----one core Clue for 1 team

12. CHINA’S URBANIZATION PROCESS（1949-2013）
DR. ZHANG LI,
Assistant Proffessor
MA Supervisor
THE COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE & URBAN PLANNING
TONGJI UNIVERSITY

13. World urbanization trends
After 1980s, world urbanization mainly happened in non-developed area and Asia, especially in China.
world
Developed Area
Non-Developed Area
Asia
China
1950
29.1
52.5
18.0
16.8
11.2
1980
39.1
68.8
29.6
26.3
19.4
1985
40.9
70.0
32.3
29.0
23.7
1990
43.0
71.2
35.1
31.9
26.7
1995
44.7
72.2
37.6
34.4
31.3
2000
46.6
73.1
40.2
37.1
36.2
2005
48.6
74.0
42.7
39.7
2007
49.4
74.4
43.8
40.8
44.9
2010
50.6
75.0
45.3
42.5
49.7*
+21.5
+22.5
+27.3
+25.7
+38.5 10
16.3
11.6
9.5
8.2
11.5
6.2
15.7
16.2
30.3

14. Accelarating Chineses Urbanization
1.4 Chinese Urbanization
Not shaped up smoothly
1990s
1980s
2010s
1960s
2000s
Accelarating Chineses Urbanization

15. How to understand Chinese Urbanization

16. 1949-1957: migrate freely 1945-1949：Civil War
1949: The People’s Republic of China was founded
New society: people migrate freely
As a result: a lot of people migrated into cities and the law-and-order situation in cities went from bad to worse

17.
1949: 542 million population, only 58 million live in cities.10.6%
1957: first Census in China, 647 million population, 100 million live in cities. 15.4%
8 years: 4.8% increase

18. 1958-1967 Spies and etc. ? Aim to kill leader (Mao)
1958: Social control
《PRC Household Registration Ordinance》(1958), the difference (segregation) between urban and rural people shaped
Rural people registered in village neigborhood committee
Urban people registered in bureau of public security in cities.

19. 1958-1967: Hukou System But, artificial
1958: Great Leap Forward Policy
Heavy industry oriented policy, Steelmaking, learn from Soviet Union
To prepare the 3rd War
The result: disasters for the common people.
Authorative information: Three years nature disaster,
But, artificial

21.
: short of food, grain, flour,rice,etc. extreme scarcity of food, many, many Hungry people from rural area to cities
1963: Agriculture household registration: farmer, None agriculture household registration: urban people
Grain supply, Employment, Education, Health care, Marriage, Child registration (follow his(her) mother), etc. Named: HUKOU(户口)
Government control: the change ratio, no more than 1.5 ‰ from agri Hukou to Non-agri Hukou. After 1980, 2.5 ‰

22. Regionalization
Migrating Route: an example

23.
1958: 660 million population, million live in cities.16.2%
1967:, 764 million population, 135 million live in cities. 17.7%
10 years: only 0.5% increase

24. 1968-1977: Disorder era 1968: Disorder in the World, Politcs
Civil Rights Movement, Martin Luther King and John F. Kennedy was killed.
Soviet Tanks entered Prague, Vietnam war
Generation gap between Guys born after war and people underwent War
China: the Cultural Revolution
The students, do not study again, but walk to street to fight enemy
Enemy: intellects, scientists, teachers,

25. To Promote young intellects to settle down in countryside
The real whys: the governments could not supply enough job position for university graduates.
Nearly 20 million was promoted to rural area.

26.
1968: 785 million population, 138 million live in cities %
1977: 950 million population, 167 million live in cities.17.55%
10 years: no increase

27. 1978-1991： Opening Reform Mao died in 1976, Culture revolution end.
1978: Chinese government decided to reform the planned economy.
The young intellects in rural areas: strongly intention to go back to cities.
No enough jobs for them somewhat disorder in cities.
more than 10 million

28. ： Opening Reform
1980: township’s registration threshold unfastened, the government began to permit rural people move to small towns in case that they supply their grain by themselves, but not by governments.
Result: more than 1 million rural people migrated into small towns in 1984.
But: towns are different from cities, No great increase for urbanization level.
1980th : private economy began to be permitted. Individual employed people 310,000(1979)，810,000(1980，2610,000(1982),

29. Policies about population increase cities
1989: 《Urban Planning Law》 issued, confirm the policy:
To control the scale of large cities and promote small cities and towns
How to control: Household registration
the change ratio, no more than 2.5 ‰ from agri Hukou to Non-agri Hukou After 1980, the ratio will be lower in lager cities.

30.
1978: 963 million population, million live in cities.17.9%
1991:, 1158 million population, 319 million live in cities. 27.6%
13 years: 9.7% increase

31. 1992-1999: Economic Revolution
1993: power delivered to local governments, Centralization to decentralization
Tax system, before 1993: local governments must turn over fixed tax to the state.
After 1993: the local governments share tax with central government, then they have enthusiasm to promote local economic and increase their income from tax.
value-added tax, for central government.
sales tax and etc. share with central government.
Land use rights could be transferred from state to private developers after 1989’s practice in Shenzhen City.
Local governments then have a new income source

32. State owned companies reform
Chinese state owned companies have so many supernumeries
Dismissed nearly half
Then the state owned company recovered their energy and could compete with other companies, even foreign companies.

33. Many cities and city regions were emerged

34.
1992: 1172 million population, million live in cities.28.5%
1999:, 1258 million population, 443 million live in cities. 35.2%
7 years: 6.7% increase

35. : Glaobalization
WTO SIGNED IN 2001 (world trade organization)
Global investment
Global division of labor
China: World Factory
Fig: FDI（$100 million)

36. First 30 migration flows

37. First 30 migration flows

38. Population, Migration

39. The number of cities from 1949-2010
million
>2
1－2
0.5－1
0.2－0.5
<0.2
Totel
1949 1 4 7 18
102
132
1952 2 5 8 21
117
153
1958 6 48
108
184
1965 42 95
168
1970 97
177
1978 27 60 93
193
1984 11 31 81
164
295
1989 9 28
116
276
450
1993 10 22 36
160
342
570
2000 13 53
218
352
663
2005 33 85
225
292
656
2010 24 40 87
239
264
654

40.
2000: 1267 million population, million live in cities.36.2%
2010:, 1371 million population, 666 million live in cities. 49.7%
10 years: 13.5% increase

41. Accelarating Chineses Urbanization
Chinese Urbanization
Not shaped up smoothly
1990s
1980s
2010s
1960s
2000s
Accelarating Chineses Urbanization

42. Policy Trends To pay more attention to people’s living standard
To narrow social inequality
To support industry transition from labor-densed to technology-densed.

43. The end
China is not only the biggest manufacture country
But also the largest consumption country.
China also want to be a creative country like Korea and Japan.
In China, you will have many chance to succeed including earning money, self-realization, research etc.
Welcome you to study, work and invest in China (Shanghai), you will (not would) win in the near future.

44. THANK YOU