1. Bullying
Dr. Tory Clark, MPH, DHS

2. Agenda Define the different types of bullying
What’s going on in Washoe County
Etiology of bullying
Characteristics of bullies & victims of bullying
How you can help
Resources

3. Sneeches by Dr Seuss
Now, the Star-Belly Sneetches had bellies with stars. 
The Plain-Belly Sneetches had none upon thars.
Those stars weren’t so big. They were really so small. 
You might think such a thing wouldn’t matter at all.

4. What is bullying? Bullying is difficult to identify – Why?
Perception
Must be a power differential
Must be repeated
Actions must be intentional (Olweus, 1993)
Or not… Humor, teasing, no power differential, no intention (Scaglinone & Scaglione, 2006)

5. Bullying by the Numbers
160,000- estimated number of U.S. students who skip school daily to avoid being bullied
32%- students who report being bullied at school during the school year
86%- gay or lesbian students who report being bullied
70%- teachers surveyed who say that educators “almost always” intervene when bullying occurs
35%- 9th graders who believe their teachers are interested in trying to stop bullying
66%- bullying victims who believe school professionals responded poorly to the bullying they observed
10-20%- bystanders who provide any real help

6. Is it happening here? Climate Survey from WCSD
In the past 30 days in WCSD (student report) among students who reported being bullied
24% physically bullied on bus
22% verbally bullied on the bus
13% physically bullied in school
27% verbally bullied in school
Percentage of students targeted at school (student report)by another student
24% targeted about dress
44% targeted because of a physical characteristic
50% of MS employees rated bullying among students as a high concern
Washoe County Climate Survey Report:

7. In December, the district began to keep more specific stats on cyberbullying and sexting.
Elementary school reports: 127
Middle school reports: 302
High school reports: 503
Online bullying reported by students and school staff in Washoe County is up as much as 30 percent because of a campaign to make students and parents more aware of its effects, school officials and students say.

8. SB 276
State Sen. David Parks and and former state Sen. Sheila Leslie, D-Reno, successfully sponsored Senate Bill 276.
The bill included training programs for educator and school staff on the prevention of bullying, cyber bullying, harassment and intimidation in public schools.
It requires each school to create a safety team to organize preventive and intervention training.
It also requires investigations of reported incidents and calls for collaboration among the school board and the school safety team to prevent, identify and address the reported incidents.

9. Types of Bullying Direct vs. Indirect
Verbal – Teasing, Name calling, racial names, gossip
Physical – Threats or actual violence, pinching, hitting, butt slapping
Social/Relational – Leaving someone out, gossip, destroying reputation, manipulating relationships
Cyber bullying – Facebook, Twitter, , text, sexting
Hazing – rite of passage?

10. Cyber bullying
Why is cyber bullying different from the other types of bullying?
Anonymous, a global community, re-victimizes the victim
The use of electronic forms of communication by an individual or group to engage repeatedly in sending or posting content about an individual or group that a reasonable person would deem cruel, vulgar, threatening, embarrassing, harassing, frightening, or harmful (Beale & Hall, 2007).
Direct- messages are transmitted to the victim from the bully
Indirect- the bully enlists others to bully the victim

11. Cyber Bullying Prevalence
90% of youth aged yrs are active on the internet on a daily basis(Pew Research Center)
More than 50% of youth yrs have personal cell phones (Raine, 2005).
Media usage, including time spent using a computer, among 8-18 yr olds is up 2.25 hours in just the last 5 yrs. (Rideout, 2010)
50% had seen or heard of a website bashing of another student
75% had visited a website bashing

12. Prevalence Cont’
90% of middle school students they polled had their feelings hurt online
65% of their students between 8-14 have been involved directly or indirectly in a cyber bullying incident as the cyber bully, victim or friend
40% had their password stolen and changed by a bully (locking them out of their own account) or sent communications posing as them

13. What can you do about cyber bullying?
Tell an administrator
Encourage parental involvement in monitoring their son/daughter’s online usage
Advise the student to:
Stop
Save
Block
Tell

14. Sexting
Not just on phones- Sexting can be done on any media-sharing device or technology - including and the Web. Teens have been convicted for child porn distribution for ing sexually explicit photos to each other.
IT’S ILLEGAL! Sending nude or sexually suggestive photos of oneself that is under age. May result in being charged with producing or distributing child pornography and having to register as a sex offender. If he/she keeps them on their phone or computer they could be charged with possession. If they go to someone in another state (and that happens very easily), it is a federal felony.

15. Sexting cont’
Many Causes- In some cases, kids are responding to peer pressure in a form of cyber bullying or pressure from a boyfriend or girlfriend (they break up, and sometimes those photos get sent around out of revenge). Sometimes it's impulsive behavior, flirting, or even blackmail. It's always a bad idea.
REPORT- Call Law enforcement immediately!
Tell them to stop, block and save!

16. Where does this behavior come from????

17. But, because they had stars, all the Star-Belly Sneetches
Would brag, “We’re the best kind of Sneetch on the beaches.”
With their snoots in the air, they would sniff and they’d snort
“We’ll have nothing to do with the Plain-Belly sort!”
And, whenever they met some, when they were out walking,
They’d hike right on past them without even talking.

When the Star-Belly children went out to play ball,
Could a Plain Belly get in the game? Not at all.
You only could play if your bellies had stars
And the Plain-Belly children had none upon thars.

18. Etiology of Bullying
Social Learning Theory: children learn behaviors from their environment and behaviors can then be reinforced in different ways (Bandura, 1977).
Examples?
Aggression & violence from parents, media, peers
A child that grows up in a hostile environment views the world as a hostile environment
Reinforcement acts as a propeller for violence and leads to adult violence (Mihalic & Elliot, 1977).
Difference between boys and girls?
Benefit component

19. Etiology cont’
Studies have shown that children & adults may behave more aggressively after viewing someone else act aggressively
Students that are insecure view their bullying classmates as more popular- they also see the “benefits” that these students receive from the behavior
Decreased sense of responsibility when more are involved
Bystander effect….

20. Bullies are much like performers, she tells the crowd
Bullies are much like performers, she tells the crowd. Their audience, she says, are bystanders, "just sitting there watching, right? So they're not saying, 'fight, fight, fight,' — but they're also not doing anything.” "So who are they helping?" she asks. "The bully, right?” ~ Erica Newell on NPR today

21. Etiology cont’
Attachment Theory: attachment in early life provides a foundation for future behaviors, as a child will continue to expect others to react to them how their early caregivers did (Bowlby)
Adults who were bullied as children tend to have difficulties with attachment in romantic relationships and an increase in anxious attachment
Studies have shown that bullies are more likely to develop anxious and insecure attachments than non-involved children
Bullies acting out of insecurity

22. Characteristics of Bullies
Perceives solving problems through violence is positive
Popular & average to high self esteem
Difficulty controlling aggression
Often bullied or teased at home
Poor school performance
Drug or alcohol use
Gang affiliation
Despite popularity, bullies often lack close, long-term relationships with friends
Long term concern of criminal behavior
Bullying children of either sex are more likely to have parents who have marital problems or conflicts at home, have been bullies themselves, exhibit inconsistent or over permissive approaches to child rearing, and lack sensitivity to other people
Bullies are more likely to be hyperactive, disruptive, extroverted, have higher neuroticism scores, lower IQs, and below-average reading achievement than controls

23. Characteristics of Victims
Younger and physically smaller than their aggressor
Distress at home (parental abuse or misconduct)
Families of male victims tend to be over protective and close while families of female victims tend to lean towards unhealthy emotional abuse
Unpopular at school among both peers and adults & worry about going to school
Passive victims are anxious, cautious, insecure and quiet – more likely to cry and withdrawal when attacked
Low self esteem
Males – bad at sports
Shame
Depression
Psychosomatic symptoms
Violence
As an adult
Social phobia, body image issues

24. Boys and girls bully differently
Both boys and girls bully verbally.
Boys may use more aggression, but this is changing
Boys use more direct tactics – physically, relationally
Girls are aggressive, but use more indirect tactics
Girls bully in groups
Girls are more likely to bully other girls (but will bully boys) while boys will bully both girls and boys

25. Signs a kid is being bullied
Unexplainable injuries
Lost or destroyed clothing, books, electronics, or jewelry
Frequent headaches or stomach aches, feeling sick or faking illness
Changes in eating habits, like suddenly skipping meals or binge eating. Kids may come home from school hungry because they did not eat lunch.
Difficulty sleeping or frequent nightmares
Declining grades, loss of interest in schoolwork, or not wanting to go to school
Sudden loss of friends or avoidance of social situations
Feelings of helplessness or decreased self esteem
Self-destructive behaviors such as running away from home, harming themselves, or talking about suicide

26. Signs a kid is bullying others
Get into physical or verbal fights
Have friends who bully others
Are increasingly aggressive
Get sent to the principal’s office or to detention frequently
Have unexplained extra money or new belongings
Blame others for their problems
Don’t accept responsibility for their actions
Are competitive and worry about their reputation or popularity

27. Why kids don’t ask for help
Bullying can make a child feel helpless. Kids may want to handle it on their own to feel in control again. They may fear being seen as weak or a tattletale.
Kids may fear backlash from the kid who bullied them.
Bullying can be a humiliating experience. Kids may not want adults to know what is being said about them, whether true or false. They may also fear that adults will judge them or punish them for being weak.
Kids who are bullied may already feel socially isolated. They may feel like no one cares or could understand.
Kids may fear being rejected by their peers. Friends can help protect kids from bullying, and kids can fear losing this support.

28. How YOU can help!

29. Empathy
“Empathy means entering the private perceptual world of the other and becoming thoroughly at home in it. It involves being sensitive, moment to moment, to the changing felt meanings which flow in this other person, to the fear or rage or tenderness or confusion or whatever, that he/she is experiencing. It means temporarily living in his/her life, moving about in it delicately without making judgments…” ~ Carl Rogers

30. Solution-Focused Therapy Kim Berg & Steve de Shazer
Focuses on solutions and the child’s resources, with an emphasis on child developing strategies to solve their problems.
Shift from being a victim to taking a stand creates optimism, self-belief and hope that their situation is changeable.
Short term, you don’t take sides or label students bullies or victims, and does not presuppose judgment on the cause of the behavior.
A team effort to change the climate within our schools!

31. Case Study
Clara, a 12-year-old girl, presented to the school nurse (Ann) in tears. She said that the boys in her class always followed her during break times and were being nasty towards her and calling her nick-names. The worst thing for Clara was not having any friends at school. Clara told the school nurse that she could not cope with this situation anymore. The school nurse asked Clara if she had any suggestions on how she could stop this name calling and isolation, but Clara had none. The following conversation then took place between Clara & Ann.

32. Ann: ‘Can you remember any day that you enjoyed
being at school? What happened that day? Who were
you with?’
Clara: ‘Well, I remember one day two weeks ago
I enjoyed being at school because that day one of
the bullies was absent and Iris, a new girl, started in our class. She did not know any other kids, so she asked me if she could join me. That was a really nice day!’
Focus on past successes & exceptions to the problem

33. Ann: ‘Are there any other girls you like being with
in school?’
Clara: ‘Susan use to be nice to me when Alice was
not around and Cheryl in the other class can also
be nice sometimes.’
Exceptions to the problem

34. Ann: ‘Would it be okay for you if I asked these
girls along to a meeting with you in a group? We
can then discuss what to do to help you have a
better time at school?’
Clara: ‘I really would like that!’
Further strategy & plan for the future

35. If you have encountered a bullying situation among children/adolescents, how did you handle it?

36. Questions??

37. Resources LOCAL: www.flipthescriptnow.org http://www.tolerance.org
- student section
Katherine Louden
UNR Downing Clinic: William Raggio Building Room 3007
Tory Clark