Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)
Chapter 4 The Developing Person James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

Developmental Psychology:
Branch of psych. that studies physical, cognitive & social change throughout the life span Considers the 3 big developmental ?’s: A) nature/nurture? B) stability/change? C) continuity/stages?

Life is sexually transmitted
Prenatal Development and the Newborn: Conception: As sperm enters, a barrier forms Life is sexually transmitted

Prenatal Development & the Newborn
Zygote: fertilized egg; less than ½ survive! enters a 2 wk period of rapid cell division = embryo after it attaches Embryo: the developing human organism from 2 weeks thru 2nd month Fetus: developing human organism from 9 wks after conception  birth

Prenatal Devel. & Newborns
40 days days months months

Prenatal Devel. & the Newborn
Teratogens (“monsters??): agents, such as chemicals & viruses: reaches embryo or fetus during prenatal devel. & cause harm Sci. still trying to determine how much harm… …smoking in preg. & male violent crimes? Can be drugs, diseases, radioactivity, or chemicals Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): physical & cognitive abnormalities in kids caused by heavy drinking during pregnancy (1/750) (See t-138, Judges quote) symptoms include mis-proportioned head The leading cause of retardation 

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Rooting Reflex tendency to open mouth, & search for nipple when touched on the cheek; aids survival Requires “tongue, swallow, breathe…” coordination In Notes: Explain each reflexes as we go over it… a) grasping : b) Moro (startle): c) Babinski: (Digi. Med. Arch. #1 )

Newborn Preferences: human voices & faces face-like images *Which below do they prefer? smell & sound of mother (see 138)

Prenatal Development & the Newborn
Habituation (boredom?) Decreasing responsiveness w/ repeated stimulation Novel (new) stimulus gets more attention, stronger response Indicates memory & familiarity…using senses to gain knowledge & experience (Note: Stimulus: something that causes a reaction Prenatal Development & the Newborn

Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Once habituated to old stimulus, newborns preferred gazing at a new one (New experience…)

Infancy & Childhood: Physical Devel.
Maturation biological growth processes that enable orderly (in particular order) changes in behavior Programmed: is like a genetic blueprint relatively uninfluenced by experience…just happens b/c it is time…”wired in” At birth 3 months 15 months Cortical Neurons

Infancy & Childhood: Physical Development
3 month-old baby learns kicking moves a mobile--& can retain that learning for a month (Rovee-Collier, 1989, 1997). EFFICACY! I can have effect! This helps them to learn that they can affect their world

Neural sequence of develop.:
Birth: have most brain cells you’ll ever have 0 – 2: growth spurt (wiring) allowing us to walk, talk, & remember stuff 3-6: networks sprout rapidly in frontal lobe: allows rational planning (If I do this, this will happen…) Into puberty: pathways for language & agility developing, “polishing up” After puberty: “pruning” process: trims out unused, strengthen those being used **Prior to 3yrs., can’t remember much at all b/c haven’t connections for it Known as “Infantile amnesia”

Infancy & Childhood: Cognitive Development
Schema: Jean Piaget’s word for a concept or framework we use to organize & interpret info -“mental molds into which we pour our experiences” (neural netwks.?) EX: cats…vs. dogs; love; motherhood, etc. Piaget said 2 ways we deal w/ new experiences: Assimilation vs. Accommodation: Assimilation: interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas --we have a set of ideas about 1 thing EX: a doggie -dogs have 4 legs, are furry, & have a tail -so a cat = a “doggie”…pony = BIG doggie… Accommodation 

Infancy & Childhood: Cognitive Development
Accommodation: adapting (adjusting) our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new info EX: we learn the cat is not a doggie…but a new category—or schema—a “cat” or kitty Cognition: All the mental activities associated w/ thinking, knowing, remembering, & communicating -as kids have more experiences in their world, they adjust existing schemas & accommodate to bring in new schemas…& they use these to develop Meta-cognition: What we know about HOW we know Piaget: Cognition goes thru 4 major developmental stages…

Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Develop.: (see p. 144) KNOW these!!
Typical Age Range Description of Stage Developmental Phenomena Birth to nearly 2 years Sensorimotor Experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing) Object permanence Stranger anxiety About 2 to 6 years About 7 to 11 years About 12 thru adulthood Preoperational Representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning Pretend play Egocentrism Language development Concrete operational Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations Has Conservation Mathematical transformations Formal operational Abstract reasoning Abstract logic Potential for moral reasoning

Infancy & Childhood: Cognitive Devel.
Sensori-motor stage: (birth- 2 yrs.) Object Permanence: Awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived (able to see, hear, etc.) Games: Peek-a-boo? Where’s the bunny? Develop this during Piaget’s sensorimotor stage: what ages do not? Most are getting by what age? (start p. 144) Difference betwn. Piaget’s view & present day view? -How does this show “continuity vs. stages?” (top 145)

“Baby Math”: Shown a numerically impossible outcome, infants stare longer (Wynn, ‘92) --Explain the 2 EX’s of “baby logic” on p. 145 -How do psy. measure how kids notice something different or odd? (i.e., what is the operational definition?) 1. Objects placed in case. 2. Screen comes up. 3. Object is removed. 4. Impossible outcome: Screen drops, revealing two objects. 4. Possible outcome: one object.

Preoperational stage (2-6): Conservation: the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects… EX: Tall thin glass vs. short fat glass= same amt.? Pla-doh They don’t have at beginning…get toward end of stage… Egocentrism: the inability of the preoperational child to take another’s point of view EX: TV viewing? My brother? Abusive parents often don’t realize this & they tend to see this as “ornery” behavior

Theory of Mind: “A not B” (Note: still in pre-operational stage) Just beginning to form this People’s ideas about their own & others’ mental states.. …about their feelings, perceptions Also thoughts & the behavior these might predict  Still tend to be egocentric, but improving on this  Gaining empathy; learning thoughts = feelings When you show the kid these pictures & tell the story, how will they respond? 

Theory of Mind & Autism Autism: Disorder that appears in childhood & marked by deficiencies in communication, social interaction & understanding of others’ states of mind Extremely egocentric; little or no “theory of mind” formed Can’t read emotions in others Can’t see that others do not know what they know EX: fig text (147) B/C of communication limits, deaf kids may have problems w/ theory of mind also

Asperger’s Syndrome is a specific form of “high-functioning” autism Syndrome

“ME!”

A B

Cognitive Development: Reflecting on Piaget’s Theory
Influential theory Development is more continuity rather than stages as Piaget believed Larger emphasis on social factors Vygotsky Zone of proximal development

Work of Lev Vygotsky ( ) has become the foundation of much research and theory in cognitive development over the past several decades, particularly of what has become known as Social Development Theory. Vygotsky's theories stress the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition Vygotsky, 1978), as he believed strongly that community plays a central role in the process of "making meaning."

Vygotsky:

Pre-op: learning to think in symbols: EX’s?
-Again: a steady, continuous process (continuity) -Private speech: Pre-op kids talking to themselves to “think things out” -allows them to process cognition… How can this help w/ math? (c-148) Concrete operations stage (7-11): now understand conservation (see “joke”) -Understand things we have experience w/ -Beginning to understand math transformations: 8+4=12…so what is 12 – 4? Then…4 x 6 = 24, 24 div.by 6 = ? Formal operations stage (12 +): beginning abstract thought… -can theorize & plan various possibilities (If this is true, then …) BUT…again, Piaget underestimated abilities (t-149)

How can they use this today?
Piaget: Father of cognitive psych.”  What he got right & wrong: (p.149…Reflecting…) “What he…got right: “ “ ..missed… Who can use this info? How can they use this today?

Inf. & Ch-hd.: Social Develop. (150)
Stranger Anxiety fear of strangers infants commonly display begins about 8 mos. Purpose: keep child close to care-giver…why could this be important at this age? is cross-cultural, so…what does that indicate? Attachment Strong emotional tie w/ another person We attach to ppl w/ which we are comfortable, familiar…& who are responsive to needs young kids show by seeking closeness to the caregiver & showing distress on separation “home-base:” a secure base (safe haven) is it just those who give food? Or is it more?

Social Development H. Harlow’s Surrogate Mother Experiments
(Harlow vid.) Preferred contact w/ comfortable cloth mother, even though feed from the nourishing wire mother Humans tend to attach to those soft, warm, who rock, pat, feed… (contact comfort) a secure base As we grow, attachment changes from parents to peers to partners

Social Development Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without their surrogate mothers. Note: ethics no longer allow such studies ATTACHMENT: secure attachment is important for later relationships Involves trust & expecting responsiveness… (t-153)

Social Development Critical Period best period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development (EX: lang. & Genie) “window of opportunity”…if this is missed, will not develop that aspect…either at all…or not completely Imprinting process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life Konrad Lorenz: studies w/ ducklings & 1st moments after hatching…he was 1st creature they saw; they attached to him will also attach to other things that move…bouncing ball, etc.

Attachment: Deep, caring, close, & enduring (long-lasting) emotional bond between infant & care-giver; forms in humans at about 6 mos. --used Harlow’s “wire-mom” study for this info Stranger anxiety: fear of stranger--even if mom there --is this normal? Separation anxiety: upset if mom goes away suddenly ”Strange situation” experiment: Mary Ainsworth 1st : mom & kid in room w/ stranger & mom leaves 2nd: no stranger in room when she leaves -measures levels of attachment in kids: 

Psychologists have ID’ed 4 attachment patterns:
a) secure b) avoidant c) resistant d) disorganized 1. Secure: need to explore, but have mom close; mom leaves, they cry, but OK when she returns; no anger; most kids (at least 70-80%) are securely attached 2. Avoidant : cry when mom leaves; but avoid or ignore mom when she returns 3. Resistant: not upset when she leaves, but angry & reject her when she returns 4. Disorganized: often confused or act different ways; don’t always act the same, but often not angry if leaves, but avoid her when she returns; this is the least “secure” type **Most sensitive, responsive moms have securely attached kids (well over 70% of all kids)

Fathers & children: Just a “mobile sperm banks?”
?: Elian Gonzales…Would the situation been the same if it were reversed as to mom/dad? Read & note the 3 studies on 153: a) “pregnant dads”? b) kids health & well-being & mom + dad love c) non-married parents, separation, divorce: increases risk for social & psychological pathologies (“diseases”) ”Separation from parents”: home-care vs. day-care? No major difference RE: stranger anxiety -starts 6-8 mos., peaks (+ -) 13 mos. …then declines -at that point it eases (especially if we are securely attached) & we can open to other people…especially peers…

Here is the link to log onto the Companion Website for Myers Psychology, 8th edition:
Log on as "Students". Give yourself your own Password & User ID and include MY so that I can view quizzes if I decide to do for Ex Cr. or something....

infants left by their mothers in a unfamiliar room
Social Development Groups of infants left by their mothers in a unfamiliar room (from Kagan, 1976) 20 40 60 80 100 3.5 5.5 7.5 9.5 11.5 13.5 29 Percentage of infants who cried when their mothers left Age in months Day care Home

Soc. Devel. Basic Trust (Erik Erikson): a sense that the world is predictable & trustworthy formed in 1st yr. by good experiences w/ responsive caregivers Debated, but most psy. say later has effect on success in relationships Deprived of attachment: withdrawal -easily frightened -or v. aggressive (?) -permanent emotional scars - “unloved become unloving”--abused can be abusers -BUT…most abused do not b/c of resiliency…(tough) Disruption of attachment: v. upset, even despairing --most recover…foster kids? Day-care & attachment? If quality day-care, should be no difference ”It takes a village…” …But kids alone? NO

“Quality day-care”: What is this? & How
can you ID it? Discussion topic: Briefly discuss w/ a partner… Think about kids’ different temperaments, etc. -How could this allow a parent to do well w/ 1 kid…& not as well w/ another?

A sense of one’s identity & personal worth
Self-Concept (pp.156-7): Into notes… A sense of one’s identity & personal worth According to Charles Darwin, when does self-awareness begin? How psych’s test when kids can do this… Happens about when___ (age)? Fairly stable by _____ (age) Kids view of themselves affects what? So how can parents help?  Soc. Devel.: Child rearing practices…

Parenting styles: 1st 3: too hard, too soft …& just right
1) Authoritarian (aka dictatorial): parents impose rules & expect obedience EX: “My way or hi-way!!” “Because I said so!!” 2) Permissive (aka laissez faire): give in to kids, make few demands, use little punishment -No structure, no consistent rules, which kids NEED EX: “I said NO!....Well, OK…ummm, just this once…” 3) Authoritative: Both demanding but responsive set rules, but explain reasons & encourage discussion Allow kids to make some (limited) choices to give practice… Best way… 4) Newer type… Unresponsive = the worst: no attention, no caring, no involvement = resentment, anger, & often social problems

Idea that loving, authoritative parenting style = best is confirmed by many correlational studies in more than 200 cultures worldwide …BEST chances for kids….Below

Adolescence (p. 159) Adolescence: transition from childhood  adulthood… begins w/puberty…goes to independent adult status RITES of PASSAGE: Ceremony for a step into adulthood How is it differ. now than say 1850 or so? G. Stanley Hall: “strum und drung” ...& are some stresses, but _ out of _ HS seniors checked “on the whole, I am satisfied w/ myself.” See Dave Barry  p. 160 Puberty: period of sexual maturation when capable of reproduction --avg. ages? (b-159—some F earlier…possibly “whys”?) Primary Sex Characteristics: Body structures allowing for sexual reproduction: Gonads: ovaries—female testes--male external genitalia in both

Secondary Sex Characteristics:
Non-reproductive sexual characteristic F: breast & hips M: voice quality & body hair F: Menarche (meh-NAR-key): 1st menstrual period M: “spermarche”: 1st ejaculation Avg. ages for these: F: M: 13 --Know problems & advantages for… -early maturing M’s? early maturing F’s? How does this shows interaction of heredity & environment? Adoles. brain development: Childhood: brain cells are __?__ ...In adoles. they begin to __?__ Use it or lose it! Frontal lobe devel. vs. emotional limbic system: How does this affect behavior…& how/when does it change?

Adolescence 1890’s: Average interval between a woman’s menarche & marriage: just over 7 years Now: Over 12 years! Why is this significant? 10 20 7.2 Year Interval 12.5 Year Interval Age 1890, Women 1995, Women

Thru childhood, M & F are similar in height.
At puberty, F surge ahead briefly (11-13), but then M overtake them at about 14. Sequence (1st 2nd…) of changes is more predictable than the timing… Onset time varies w/ kids Adolescence Height in centimeters 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Age in years Boys Girls

Body Changes at Puberty

Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder
As moral development progresses, focus of concern moves from the “how it affects ME” to the wider social world. Piaget’s formal operations allows this “Heinz’s Dilemma” 164 ?’s Results vary cross-culturally -Depends on collectiv. vs. individualistic societies Postconventional Level 3rd Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles Conventional Level 2nd Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval Preconventional Level 1st Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

Emerging Adulthood Emerging adulthood

Social intuition? J. Haidt, 2001: A newer theory:
(Moral feeling: Read p.165) -Our mind makes “aesthetic judgments”…. …pleasing, not pleasing See ppl do a really rotten thing? feel disgust …See a really nice thing, feel “warm & fuzzy” ? = which comes 1st? -Do moral emotions cause us to have moral feelings? -Do “gut-level” feelings cause us to establish moral ideas of right vs. wrong? *See social intuitionalist’s dilemma: Which is OK? Both? Neither? -“Emotion areas” lit up on brain scans only w/ the “pushing” situation This is new psych research, so it hasn’t been examined much yet…

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development (Stages 1–4, p. 166)
Approximate age Stage Description of Task Infancy Trust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants (1st year) develop a sense of basic trust. Toddler Autonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and (2nd year) and doubt do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities. Preschooler Initiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks (3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent. Elementary Competence (industry) (6 years- vs. inferiority Children learn the pleasure of applying puberty) themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

Gender and Identity (go back to pp 126-130)
Self-concept = our understanding & evaluation of who we are. Gender = in psychology, the biologically & socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female. Aggression = physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. X Chromosome = the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child. Y Chromosome =the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

Gender and Identity…continued…
Testosterone = the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. Role = a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. Gender Role = a set of unexpected behaviors for males or for females. Gender Identity = our sense of being male or female. Gender Typing = the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. Social Learning Theory = the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Devel. (Stages 5-8) Adoles
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Devel. (Stages 5-8) Adoles.  Late Adulthood: Approximate age Stage Description of Task Adolescence Identity vs. role Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by (teens into confusion testing roles and then integrating them to 20’s) form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are. Young Adult Intimacy vs. Young adults struggle to form close relation- (20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate 40’s) love, or they feel socially isolated. Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri- (40’s to 60’s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. Late Adult Integrity vs. When reflecting on his/her life, the older adult (late 60’s & up) despair may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.

Identity: one’s sense of self
the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing, “trying on,” & integrating various roles--peer groups affect this (HS? college?) (survey, b-167, t-168) Eventually form a consistent, stable sense of self, but does change w/ situations Intimacy: the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adoles. & early adulthood Separating from parents: In US, compare early vs. late adolescence: Consider conflicts: length? intensity? frequency? Compare parent vs. peer influence: EX: “drug talk”? & what is influenced mostly by peers? by parents?

The changing parent-child relationship:
100% 80 60 40 20 2 to to to 11 Ages of child in years Percent w/ positive, warm interaction with parents

How Developmental Psy’s study Human Development: Longitudinal vs
How Developmental Psy’s study Human Development: Longitudinal vs. Cross-sectional Studies Cross-sectional studies: test & compare grps of differing ages at the same time… EX’s: Longitudinal studies: retest same grp of ppl over long period of time… at 2yrs., later at 6, at 10, etc. Ex’s: Cohort groups: grp of ppl you share time, culture, etc., with

Adulthood: Physical Development
Menopause: the time of natural cessation of menstruation in women Also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as ability to reproduce declines Men: gradual (continuity) lessening of sperm production, then some prostate concerns F: gradual decline in fertility: ½ as likely to become pregn. w/ 1 act of intercourse than F Usually around 50; hot flashes common Most F do not have intense emotional reactions Expectations & attitude influence effects Most experience positive effects…few (2%) = “regret” Sex after 60: 78% either said satisfied w/ amt., or wished for more

Physical changes in later life: Ans. T/F quiz? (174)
Worldwide life expectancy: 1950: : 67 But in developed countries: Sensory ability: vision: diminishes --pupil shrinks, lens less transparent, reduced amt. of light to retina, so need more light…& don’t understand when others don’t Hearing: weakens--can be heredity or experience-why? Sense of smell (which strongly affects taste) weakens, which = using more flavorings like salt, etc -Muscle strength down, reaction time down, stamina down, distance perception affected

Health: Immune system does weaken, so more susceptible to more severe illnesses like cancer, pneumonia, etc But…have built up more antibodies thru life so resist more minor illnesses like colds, etc. Those over 65 are ____ as likely as 20-yr. olds & ____ as likely as preschoolers to suffer from respiratory flu each yr. = 1 reason older workers miss less work “Nursing homes”, etc.: only ___% of those over 65

2 Theories of aging: “Biological clock” theory of aging: if other factors eliminated, ppl still deteriorate at 85+ & die by about 110…b/c cells stop reproducing “Wear & tear” theory: We age b/c we use & misuse bodies *Dementia: substantial loss of brain cells, generally late adulthood… Up to 95, rate of mental disintegration doubles every __?_ years Possible causes: -series of “mini-strokes” -tumors alcoholism, -arteriosclerosis -Alzheimer’s These bring on dementia: loss of usual mental ability (not same as senile)

Alzheimer’s Disease: At 75 what % has Alz.?
progressive, irreversible brain disorder gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language….& finally, physical functioning Majority of elderly do NOT have this… What % ? Causes: ACh loss, plaques (globs of degenerating tissue), shriveled protein filaments…brain actually shrinks p.178 Who’s at risk?? …who’s less likely?

Normal Brain vs. Alzheimer’s Brain: PET scans 

Adulthood: Physical Development: Aging Senses
Vision 1.00 0.75 0.50 Proportion of normal (20/20) vision when identifying letters on an eye chart 0.25 10 30 50 70 90 Age in years

Adulthood: Physical Development
The Aging Senses: Smell (olfactory) 90 Percent correct when Identifying smells 70 50 10 30 50 70 90 Age in years

Adulthood: Physical Develop.
The Aging Senses: Hearing 90 Percent correct when identifying spoken words 70 50 10 30 50 70 90 Age in years

Adulthood: Phys. Devel. Reaction Time:
Fatal accident rate Slowing reactions contribute to increased accident risks among those 75 and older. 12 10 Fatal accidents per 100 million miles 8 Fatal accidents per 10,000 drivers 6 4 2 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 and over Age

Incidence of Dementia by Age What is % at...65? 75? 85? 95?
Adulthood: Phys. Devel. Incidence of Dementia by Age What is % at...65? 75? 85? 95? Risk of dementia increases in later years Age Group 40% 30 20 10 Percentage with dementia

Adulthood: Cognitive Development:
Aging & memory: Recall (greater decline) vs. Recognition (minimal decline) --Type of info matters: meaningful (means a lot to you & can use) = lot less decline: Can you relate this to biological psy? Aging & Intelligence: how psy. study: Cross-sectional studies: test & compare grps of differing ages at the same time… -showed great declines in intelligence in aging -for a long time this was prevailing idea… ….so old were out, young were in Longitudinal studies: retest same grp of ppl over long period of time… at 2yrs., later at 6, at 10, etc. -findings: until late in life, IQ & mem. fairly stable …..& that those losses were fairly slow KNOW! Why the difference?? (b-180 – 181)…also IQ tests?

Adult Cognitive Devel. Recalling new names introduced once, twice, or three times is easier for younger adults than for older ones (Crook & West, 1990). (What kind of study does this look like—Longitudinal or Cross-sectional?) 100 Older age groups have poorer performance Percent of names recalled 90 80 After three introductions 70 60 50 After two introductions 40 30 20 After one introductions 10 18 40 50 60 70 Age group

Adult Cog. Devel.: Recall vs. recognition:
In a study by Schonfield & Robertson (1966), the ability to recall (EX: essays) new information declined during early & middle adulthood But the ability to recognize (M-C, matching, etc.) new information did not. BUT...other factors can influence memory at other times  Number Of words remembered 24 20 Number of words recognized is stable with age 16 12 8 Number of words recalled declines with age 4 20 30 40 50 60 70 Age in years

Cognition in Adolescence... 

Adulthood: Cognitive Development
Cross-Sectional Study a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another Suggests more change b/c of grp. differences Longitudinal Study a study in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period Suggests more stability Reasoning ability score Cross-sectional method suggests decline 60 55 50 Longitudinal method suggests more stability 45 40 35 25 32 39 46 53 60 67 74 81 Age in years Cross-sectional method Longitudinal method

Adulthood: Cognitive Development
Type of info learned: vocab., knowledge, & ability to integrate info = little decline But non-verbal & quick responses: don’t do as well ?: What confounding variable could longitudinal studies not have taken into account (c-181)? (& it did affect data a little when taken in to acct.,) Crystallized Intelligence (181): accumulated knowledge & verbal skills tends to increase with age Fluid Intelligence: ability to reason speedily & abstractly tends to decrease …slowly to 75, then faster… ..esp. after 85

Adulthood- Cognitive Development (t-182)
Intelligence (IQ) score Verbal intelligence scores hold steady with age, while nonverbal intelligence scores decline (adapted from Kaufman & others, 1989). Verbal scores are stable with age 105 100 95 90 Nonverbal scores decline with age 85 80 75 20 25 35 45 55 65 70 Verbal scores Nonverbal scores Age group

Ages & stages: 40’s = transition to middle adulthood
Adult social development: In predictable stages? Ages & stages: 40’s = transition to middle adulthood Do NOT MOST have “mid-life crisis” —regret—struggle.. Divorce: More likely when? Suicide when? Social Clock: culturally preferred timing of social events… Marriage: (see EX’s t-183) Parenthood Retirement B/c these vary so by cultures & eras, not much evidence for “stages” Life events & chance encounters: More important than “social clock” idea b/c these can happen at varying times for varying people…w/ some limitations -chance plays a part—b/c deflect us from 1 road to another EX: ID twins & romantic partners?

Adulthood: Social Development
Do ppl in early-forties mostly have a midlife crisis? NO for great majority Females Males No early 40s emotional crisis Age in Years 24% 16 8 Emotional instability

Adulthood: Social Changes
Commitments: Erikson’s 2 main adulthood tasks  intimacy & generativity (called different things by different researchers)…basically love & work Love: cross-cultural strong tendency toward “pair-bonding”…flirting, falling in love & marrying Evolutionary psy. see this as necessary for species -When is love strongest & more likely to last? Similar interests & values, sharing emotional & material support, “intimate self-disclosure” (?), marry after 20, well-educated…but…. -in Western countries have those last 2…but 2X as likely to divorce…why might this be? --Canada & US = 1 divorce for each 2 marriages -Might living together 1st help? Actually no…(184) -but 9 out of 10 marry…& married report being happier

Which marriages last? What factors affect this?
Commitment (cont’d.) Which marriages last? What factors affect this? -“5-to-1-ratio” (?) b-184… EX: of what to do & not to do? -sharing household duties if both work? -Kids: can bring joy, but lots of stress…and they leave, so need more for a marriage to last Work: This is what often defines us in much of adulthood -How does the Western idea of work for women differ from many other places? Well-being across the life-span: positive vs. negative feelings…regret? If anything, positive feelings increase w/ age for most…highs not as high, but lows not as low -moods more stable, not as extreme, but more enduring -more contentment & more spirituality

Adulthood: Social Changes
Multinational surveys show age differences in life satisfaction are trivial (Inglehart, 1990). When are they the highest? Lowest? What might affect these small changes…which occur in small %’s? Percentage “satisfied” with life as a whole 80 60 40 20 15 25 35 45 55 65+ Age group

Death & dying: usually the worst is death of a spouse (F--5X more than M), especially if sudden
Can last for 1+yr. intensely, & mild depression years after -way we grieve varies w/ culture, but grief is cross-cultural…and AIDS is wiping out resources of all kinds in many places, esp. Africa 3 common misconceptions RE: best way to deal w/ grief: - get it out -talk it out stages (p. 187) Last of Erikson’s stages: Integrity vs. despair: We don’t deny death as we used to...we see it more as a cycle... even if we are not thrilled -but integrity allows more of a feeling that life was meaningful & worthwhile

Adulthood: Social Changes: -loss of spouse & friends/family can affect life satisfaction…Why might it go down before the death?

Continuity and Stages

The Rolling Stones’ 2030 Tour!!

When the “Boomers” Age...

QK Review! ===================== 1. T/F: By the time you are about 20, your personality is set and there is not much that will change it. 2. In order: How are the 3 stages of prenatal growth referred to? 3. Explain the following terms: habituation maturation secure attachment stranger anxiety 4. Which psychologist studied the following? Social intuition/morality moral development Cognitive Development psychosocial development 5. Difference betwn. The following: accommodation assimilation 6. The following are related to WHICH stage of cogn. devel. & HOW? conservation obj. permanence abstract thought  egocentrism theory of mind separation anxiety

QK Review! (continued...) 7. Explain how the following relate to beliefs about intelligence as we age. --recall vs. recognition --crystallized vs. fluid --memory of new info vs. memory of older info 8. Autism and theory of mind/socialization?

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

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Presentation on theme: "Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)"— Presentation transcript:

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