1. Modern Egypt

2. It all began when French was looking for the British in …
Baron Lejeune Louis-François
It all began when French was looking for the British in …

5. Control of the trade routes was important for ease of access to the places that mattered

6. SUMMARY:  Addington squats over cocked hat into which he evacuates papers including "Egypt," "Guadeloupe," and last, "Malta," Napoleon holds him by the cravat and threatens him.
MEDIUM:  1 print : etching, color.
CREATED/PUBLISHED:  [London] : pubd. by H. Humphrey, 1803 Feb. 9th.

7. Egypt of Muhammad Ali
Understanding Muhammad Ali in the Ottoman Context:
: French occupation
1805: An ambitious Albanian governor for a significant province.
1807: Mahmud II became the Ottoman Sultan.
1811: Muhammad Ali ordered the killing of hundreds of Mamluks
1826: The Auspicious incident

8. The Second of May, 1808: The Charge of the Mamelukes-1814-Oil on canvas, 266 x 345 cm-Museo del Prado, Madrid After the expulsion of the Napoleonic armies in 1814 Goya applied for, and was granted, official financial aid in order 'to perpetuate with the brush the most notable and heroic actions or scenes of our glorious insurrection against the tyrant of Europe'. The two scenes that he recorded are not victorious battles but acts of anonymous heroism in the face of defeat. Here the people of Madrid armed with knives and rough weapons are seen attacking a group of mounted Egyptian soldiers (Mamelukes) and a cuirassier of the Imperial army. The composition, without a focal point or emphasis on any single action, creates a vivid impression of actuality, as if Goya had not only witnessed the scene (as he is alleged to have done) but had recorded it on the spot.

9. Egypt of Muhammad Ali A new modern army composed of peasants
Cotton and sugar production
Impact on landholding patterns
Educational reforms
Tax reforms
Infrastructural reforms
Subordination of the ‘ulama and the Sufi orders
Dynastic rule
A new ruling/landed elite
Autonomy from the Ottoman Empire

13. The Suez Canal
1856: Ferdinand de Lesseps, a French diplomat, obtained a concession from Said Pasha of Egypt to establish the Suez Canal Company
“Joint venture” between France and Egypt (22%)
Egyptian forced labor + French engineers and capital = France as the major share holder.
Difficult working conditions and tens of thousands of deaths
British concerns…?

15. The Suez Canal 1858-1869 1869: Canal completed
99 years of Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez
New face of Egypt: Port Said, Ismailiya, the Royal Opera House
Egypt’s mounting foreign debt and bankruptcy
Ottoman parallels
1875: Britain acquired 44% of the shares
Anglo-French Debt administration
Ferdinand de Lesseps Cover of La Lune 29 September 1867

16. The Suez Canal

17. Egypt - British Colonial Rule
The Urabi revolt:
From 94,000 troops in 1874, 36,000 troops in 1879
July 1880: the Law of Liquidation: 50 percent of total revenues.
1881: Colonel Ahmed Urabi established a parliamentary government with the backing of the new Egyptian elites
1882: British takeover
Nature of opposition under the British rule
Al-azhar
Jamal al-Din al-Afghani

18. Egypt - Wafd
Woodrow Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” and the League of Nations
Sa’d Zaghlul:
Egypt should be able to represent itself as a self-determined nation at the Paris Conference of 1919
The original intention of the article of “self-determination”
Popular support for the Wafd
: Three legs of the table
The British
The monarchy
The party
Sa’d Zaghlul

19. Egypt – Nasser King Faruq vs. Mustafa al-Nahhas (Wafd):
Elections of 1950
October 1951: Abrogation of the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian treaty
January 1952: Black Saturday Riots in Cairo
Al-Nahhas resigns
July 1952: The Egyptian Revolution
Faruq abdicates for Fuad II
King Faruq
Fuad II

20. Egypt – Nasser Free Officers
Revolution of 1952 and RCC: Muhammad Naguib, Jamal Abd al-Nasser
1952: First land reform (1 % owned 70 %). 200-feddans rule
1953: Abolition of the constitution.
Ban on political parties
Liberation Rally
Saw al-Arab
1954: Suppression of the Muslim Brotherhood, 78 leading figures arrested
Nasser and Naguib

21. Egypt – Nasser
Nasser
1954: Muslim Brotherhood and the decline of Naguib
Anglo-Egyptian Agreement, British troops were to withdraw from the canal zone in 20 months.
1955: Dismantling of the Islamic courts
Bandung Conference
Czechoslovak arms agreement
1956: new constitution
Nasser became the first president in June and was invested with broad powers

23. Egypt – Nasser
Nasser
July 1956: US and GB withdrew support for Aswan Dam
Nasser nationalized the Canal
October: Suez War GB, France and Israel vs. Egypt
November: UN cease-fire
Nationalization of all British and French companies and confiscation of British, French and Jewish property

24. Egypt – Nasser Nasser’s left turn 1958: Abolition of foreign schools
1959: A new labor code min. wage and max. working hours per day.
1960: Aswan Dam project begins with Soviet assistance
Nationalization of banks
First Arab national TV
1961: 100-feddan rule
Modern curriculum at al-Azhar
Suppression of the Sufi orders
1st NAM summit in Yugoslavia
1962: Arab Socialist Union

25. Egypt – Nasser Nasser’s international ventures 1958: UAR
1958: Federation of Arab Republics
Jordan and Iraq’s Arab Federation
USSR support
1861: UAR dissolved

26. Egypt – Nasser Nasser’s defeat 1861: Dissolution of UAR
1966: Execution of Qutb
1967: Six-days war
Promises to resign
1970: dies of a heart attack

28. Six Day War:  Was the Six Day War A Miracle?
Encounters with the Unexplained TV Series
DVD: 60 minutes
Producer:  Total Living Network & Grizzly Adams Productions
Hosted by:  Jerry Orbach
Description: Dr. Price contributes to this in-depth investigation of miraculous events that made an Israeli victory possible in the 1967 Six-Day War. Stories abound of the appearance of mysterious troops and sophisticated weaponry that aided the Israelis in their victory. Was the outcome of this conflict foretold by biblical writings thousands of years prior to the actual event? Was the Israeli victory a miracle? Listen to the amazing eyewitness accounts given by Six Day War veterans and decide for yourself.

29. Egypt – Sadat Anwar Sadat 1970: Death of Nasser
1972: expulsion of the 18,000 Soviet advisors
1973: (Yom Kippur) War with Israel
1974: infitah, the “open-door” economic policy
1975: Gradual abandonment of the one-party system
1977: Gave a speech at the Knesset:
I have chosen to come to you with an open heart and an open mind. I have chosen to give this great impetus to all international efforts exerted for peace. I have chosen to present to you, in your own home, the realities, devoid of any scheme or whim. Not to maneuver, or win a round, but for us to win together, the most dangerous of rounds embattled in modern history, the battle of permanent peace based on justice.
Egypt – Sadat

30. For the sake of our peoples and for the sake of the civilization made by man, we have to defend man everywhere against rule by the force of arms so that we may endow the rule of humanity with all the power of the values and principles that further the sublime position of mankind.
Allow me to address my call from this rostrum to the people of Israel. I pledge myself with true and sincere words to every man, woman and child in Israel. I tell them, from the Egyptian people who bless this sacred mission of peace, I convey to you the message of peace of the Egyptian people, who do not harbor fanaticism and whose sons, Moslems, Christians and Jews, live together in a state of cordiality, love and tolerance.
This is Egypt, whose people have entrusted me with their sacred message. A message of security, safety and peace to every man, woman and child in Israel. I say, encourage your leadership to struggle for peace. Let all endeavors be channeled towards building a huge stronghold for peace instead of building destructive rockets.

31. Egypt – Sadat
Anwar Sadat delivered his speech to the Knesset on 20 November He told the Israeli parliament: "We really and truly welcome you to live among us in peace and security."
Talks started in Israel in November and eventually led to the Camp David agreement in March 1979.
President Sadat's overtures to Israel made him popular in the West - he and Menachim Begin were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978.
But he was isolated and snubbed in the Arab world.
In October 1981 he was assassinated by soldiers at a military parade in Cairo.

32. Egypt – Mubarak Failing economy
Suppression of the religious groups and alternate political groups
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