1/31/13 Period 4 Attendance Mitosis Brainpop

1/31/13 Period 4 Attendance Mitosis Brainpop
Time to finish work from yesterday. Time to finish textbook work from Monday

Steps to making a chewing gum neuron:
Chew your gum. Fold a piece of wax paper so it looks like a book. On the inside of the book – use your chewed gum to make a neuron. Stretch it out to make axon (globs on both ends) Make cell body from the bigger glob Make dendrites from the cell body Make terminal branches from the smaller blob. The very tips of these will be the axon terminals. Put the pea in the middle of the cell body to be the nucleus. Put rice spaced out on the axon to be the myelin sheaths. The spaces in between the rice will be the Nodes of Ranvier.

4. Fold over the wax paper to close the book. Press down lightly.
5. Cut the wax paper around your neuron. 6. Cut out an interesting pattern of green papers to act as a frame to go under your wax paper. 7. Glue all to a regular piece of copy paper. 8. Use the little sticky dots to label the eight parts. 9. Make a key of the dot numbers and names. Include the function of each part too. 10. Look over the grading rubric to make sure that you will get maximum credit for this lab! Staple everything together – including rubric and turn it in! You will need: gum, paper clip, wax paper, five grains of rice, one pea, sticky label dots, glue

WHAT PARTS DO YOU KNOW THAT ARE IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?
Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nerves

What makes up the brain, the spinal cord or your peripheral nerves?
What makes up the brain, the spinal cord or your peripheral nerves? Neurons are “the cell” Cell body Nucleus Axon Dendrite What do you think surrounds the cell? What other organelles would be needed?

How are neurons connected?
Synapses!!

Why are neurons connected?

More neuron connections!

Close up look at your synapse
AXON What is this in the membrane? The synapse - where the action happens Transport protein The next cell’s plasma membrane

How does the Synapse carry the signal?
1. Electrical current travels down the axon 2. Vesicles with chemicals move toward the membrane - what is that called? 3. Chemicals are released and diffuse toward the next cell’s plasma membrane 4. The chemicals open up the transport proteins and allow the signal to pass to the next cell - what type of diffusion is this?

1 3 4 2 The synapse carries a signal from cell to cell
1 3 4 2

There are lots of proteins and chemicals in your body to do the work
Why is it important that it is an electrical current?

Are all neurons equal in size?
Are all neurons equal in size? Brain vs spinal cord vs peripheral nerves? About how many neurons are in the human brain? 100 billion About how many neurons are in the spinal cord? 1 billion How long do you think the longest axon in the world is? around 15 feet

How many synapses are in one neuron?
1,000 to 10,000!!

This science is called Neurobiology
Looking at the actual cells - how do they work? Looking at the connections - how and when do they work? Looking at what can change normal cells and connections Looking at diseases that occur in the brain One of the largest areas still unknown The you that is you is because of your neurons connecting!

What do you think can change neurons and their connections?
What do you think can change neurons and their connections? Accidents Drugs Alcohol Disease

Accidents Physical injury of your neurons
Physical injury of your neurons

Drugs and alcohol bind important receptors on neurons

Repeated binding causes the neuron to die http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm

Drugs = neuron death

Alcohol damages dendrites - can repair after abstinence
Alcohol blocks receptors and slows down transmission

ALS - Lou Gehrig’s Disease Huntington’s Disease Multiple Sclerosis
Parkinson's Disease ALS - Lou Gehrig’s Disease Huntington’s Disease Multiple Sclerosis Alzheimer's Cerebral Palsy Epilepsy ? SIDS Parkinson’s disease – nerve cells break down, no known cause yet, trembling Lou Gehrig’s disease - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis voluntary movement stops and then paralysis Huntington’s disease – coordination decline, trouble thinking and mental illness Alzheimer’s – memory loss and intellectual abilities Cerebral Palsy – brain damage that affects movement, depth perception, sensing the environment Epilepsy – electrical impulses are interrupted and faints and convulses

100 Billion or so neurons - what’s the problem with some of them dying?
Does everyone react the same way to accidents, or drugs and alcohol? Do all organisms react the same to all stimulus? Cells multiply all the time - will your neurons? Which of your activities use your neurons?

or here or here or here or here What if neurons die here?

Thinking About… …Doping for Gold
a video about the beginning of organized doping in international athletic competition

Let’s Divide Our Thinking Into:
The Science of Steroids The Influence of a Society on Steroid Use In the GDR in the 1960s – 1980s In international competition today

So…Is Steroid Use Good or Bad?
Let’s take a look at what steroids can actually do!

What effects can testosterone - based steroids have on the human body?
The Science of Steroids Question: What effects can testosterone - based steroids have on the human body?

She’s a lovely lass. But are you a little afraid to bring her home to meet Mom?
This is a woman; hence the bikini top.

Concepts of beauty are often cultural. Body builders have their own culture. What are your views of symmetry and strength in the human body?

Most Steroid Users Don’t Look as Extreme as the Previous Two Photos!
Max Jaben, an American on the Israeli Olympic Swim Team in 2008 is shown here. He tested positive for the anabolic steroid called boldenone in July 2008. He was banned from the August 2008 Olympics in July The ban was for 2 years. Numerous countries had top athletes banned from the 2008 Games because they tested positive for steroids. Students may wonder how an American swims for the team of a different country. Jaben, and no-one in his immediate family, is Isreali born, but under aliyah, the law of Jewish return, a Jew from anywhere in the world can return to Israel and gain citizenship. (Citizens can compete for an Olympic team. The U.S. doesn’t recognize dual citizenship, but many countries do.) Jaban maintains his innocence, although he had a tough time convincing officials. Boldenone is almost impossible to take unknowingly; it has to be either injected or absorbed through the skin by way of an ointment. Originally developed for horses, it has a very long half-life – a very small dose will still show traces in a drug test 5 months later. It would be an extremely stupid steriod to take b/c there is no way to mask it – if an athlete takes it, the drug test will show positive! So Jaben maintains his innocence, and he has the logic of why would a new Olympian take such a stupid step, but on the other hand, it IS practically impossible to take unknowingly. (The drug is inactivated by liver enzymes if taken orally.) columbiamissourian.com

The Science of Steroids
How do steroids produce these changes? Well…the story starts with the membrane of the nucleus that guards against uninvited visitors to that precious prisoner of the nucleus, the DNA. Except for…

…the fact that steroids have a “special pass
…the fact that steroids have a “special pass.” Once a steroid gets into the cell, it picks up its pass, and gets carried right into the nucleus! The special pass is called the hormone receptor. The receptionist says “The doctor will see you now!” So what does the hormone receptor “say”?

Shape! “The nucleus will see you now!”
And what language is the steroid and the hormone receptor speaking? Of course, it’s the language of the body… Shape! Let’s visualize this – is your pen ready to jot some info on this shape conversation?

Steroid Outside of cell Inside of cell 1 Cell membrane 2 Nuclear membrane 4 5 Steroid receptor New protein synthesized 6 3 How do anabolic steroids work? Let’s break it down in order 1 4 _____binds with_____. This activates a section of DNA. ____________is outside the_______. 2 DNA _________________ for making a _____________are carried out of the____________. Steroid ________across ______________ 5 Steroid binds to the “pass,” the ____________ ___________. Together they are the hormone receptor complex (HRC). The ______ enters the__________________. 3 __________molecules are made and _____________ increases. 6

What Effects Do Steroids Have?
The Science of Steroids What Effects Do Steroids Have? They increase protein synthesis in cells, so cells make more tissue This process of cell tissue building is called anabolism; the drugs are often called anabolic steroids Muscle tissue breaks down more slowly Cells differentiate more easily into muscle cells instead of fat cells

Additional Positive Effects of Anabolic Steroids
These can be used for good medical purposes: Increase muscle tissue healing Increase appetite Increase bone growth Stimulate delayed puberty

But Negative Side Effects Can Occur
Influence masculine traits such as hair growth, vocal cord development in women Influence hair loss and low sperm count in men Can have negative effects on liver tissue, reproductive tissue and heart muscle Increase competitiveness and aggressiveness because anabolic steroids affect the limbic system of the brain You may have emphasized in the Phineas Gage video that the limbic system (emotions) of the brain was separated from the frontal cortex, hence the lack of control over emotions. If you did, this is an easy reinforcing link that you can make with anabolic steroids.

Let’s Recap: The Science of Steroids
What special ability do anabolic steroids have in the cell? They pick up a “pass” to enter the nucleus. What is the term for the “pass?” Hormone receptor Once in the nucleus, then what? The HRC activates a section of DNA to give directions What directions from the DNA does the steroid activate? Make more tissue! Where is this tissue actually made? At the organelles called ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm.

What is an anabolic steroid?
The Science of Steroids What is an anabolic steroid? A type of steroid that produces tissue growth Are all steroids anabolic? No. Some steroids reduce swelling and don’t cause tissue growth. This type is called a cortico-steroid. They are not likely to be abused because they don’t cause tissue building.

Switch Gears Now! What is the effect of a society on steroid use?

The Geography of the GDR
The Influence of a Society on Steroid Use The Geography of the GDR The GDR (German Democratic Republic), known as East Germany was smaller than the FRG (Federal Republic of Germany), or West Germany. What countries border the GDR? Those countries were under the control of the Soviet Union

A larger view. Note that the countries bordering the GDR (Poland and the then Czechoslovakia) were under Soviet control as were the countries bordering them going east into the now Russia.

W H Y ? Heidi Kreiger Andreas Kreiger Heidi Kreiger
The Influence of a Society on Steroid Use W H Y ? Heidi Kreiger france24.com Heidi Kreiger – East German shot-put competitor. Unknowingly dosed with steroids while competing to the point that she later had difficulty identifying herself as a woman. Had a gender change operation after competitive life was over. all-athletics.com Andreas Kreiger Heidi Kreiger

The Influence of a Society on Steroid Use
As Andreas Kreiger, he married a former competitive swimmer from East Germany. She also was the unwitting recipient of steroids, but swimmers (1) didn’t develop the same type of muscle mass as shot-putters, and (2) she got out of the competitive scene before he did. Perhaps only a fellow-sufferer would be able to truly empathize with the depth of loss and sadness produced by the medical deception. beijing-olympics2k8.blogspot.com

Happier Times Now Ute Krause and Andreas Kreiger met during court trials in 2000 about the misuse of steroids with athletes. After a failed suicide attempt in 1983, she took a job as a nurse trainee. She ran into the “little blue pills” that were so familiar to her in her nursing career, discovering with shock that they were not vitamins, but powerful medications used after chemotherapy. Andreas Kreiger requires regular injections of testosterone to maintain overt male characteristics , which his wife administers. Information in these notes is taken from a blog written by a transgendered woman, which you can find here: The human spirit, like the human body, has tremendous abilities to heal after traumatic stress.

What happened to the chosen children and young adults?
The Influence of a Society on Steroid Use The GDR wanted to use successful sports programs to cheer up a depressed nation. What happened to the chosen children and young adults? How did the athletes get the steroids? Did they know they were receiving steroids? How did steroids affect their training At first? Later?

What would have been the pressures on you in your decisions?
The Influence of a Society on Steroid Use If you were one of the athletes, how do you think you would have reacted to your suspicions that you were getting more than vitamins? What would have been the pressures on you in your decisions? What would have happened to you? How would you feel about your medals?

Decades later: the former chief doctor of East Germany's swimming team was convicted of giving performance-enhancing drugs to young athletes without telling them. Lothar Kipke, 72, was fined 7,500 German marks ($3,900) and given a 15-month suspended jail sentence. He was convicted on more than 50 charges of causing bodily harm by giving them steroids. news.bbc.co.uk

3. Prosecutors said that neither the swimmers nor their parents were told about the drugs and were therefore unaware that they might suffer side-effects. 4. The women involved in the case are now suffering from such problems as disturbed muscle growth, excessive body hair and a deepened voice. 1. Judge Peter Faust said Kipke had played a key role in the East German system to give swimmers steroids in order to boost their performance, and that he knew the drugs “harmful side effects.” 2. The doctor admitted that he had provided the drugs - a widespread practice in communist East German sport - but he said that in the 1970s little was known about their potential side-effects.

Two former East German swimming champions blame their babies' disabilities on the steroids.
One has a daughter who was born blind, the other a son with a club foot. They say Dr Kipke continued to give them drugs despite knowing the potential consequences (Lothar Kipke, 72, was fined 7,500 German marks ($3,900) and given a 15-month suspended jail sentence.)

Our Hero:Tessa Sanderson of England Won the Gold, finally, in 1984! Steadfastly refused to use steroids through- out her career. Prevailed over East German Ruth Fuchs, her long-time steroid-using nemesis who had beaten her many times. Ruth Fuchs later became a well-known politician in Germany (the Left Party). She has consistently maintained that there was nothing wrong with the steroid administration and that she was and is proud to have been part of East Germany’s international athletic glory. Photo: GETTY IMAGES Bournelocal.co.uk.com. 08/11/11

What were the influences on Tessa Sanderson to NOT take steroids?
She competed internationally at a time when steroids were being taken by her competitors This included GDR athlete Ruth Fuchs who beat her many times! (Ruth Fuchs was given steroids and by the 1970s steroid use was suspected of the East Germans by other countries) Why do you think she resisted taking steroids? How do you think you would have responded if you were in her shoes?

Science doesn’t have its own independent values of good or bad, right or wrong, righteousness or evilness. These are values placed on the use of science by a society through its laws, or by individuals in the society, sometimes in opposition to current laws.

In the GDR, the government thought that people didn’t need to know about steroids, they just needed to perform. In our society, anabolic steroid use by athletes is illegal. Why? Is this fair or unfair? Should athletes be legally allowed to take risks with their health? If everyone KNEW who was taking steroids would that affect competition? Would it make athletes less likely to abuse steroids or more likely? What do you think? Should steroid use by athletes be illegal or legal?

The Endocrine system Glands and hormones

Hormones- chemical messengers carried by blood-
May stimulate other glands Regulate growth, development, metabolism, sex processes

Hormones need a specific receptor on a specific cell to do their job

Major Glands of the Endocrine system
Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal. Pancreas Ovaries Testes

Pituitary gland Master gland of body
Located in the depression of sphenoid bone Produces many hormones that affect other glands thyroid stimulating hormone Somatotropin- growth hormone Lutenizing (LH)- causes ovulation ICSH- causes testes to secrete testosterone Melanocyte stimulating- distribution of melanin in skin ADH- antidiuretic hormone

Giantism- oversecretion of somatotropin before puberty
Dwarfism- undersecretion of somatotropin. Cause: tumor, injury, infection, genetics Diabetes insipidus- decreased ADH

Thyroid gland must have any source of iodine
Thyroid- produces hormones that control metabolism and calcium in blood. Thyroid gland must have any source of iodine goiter- not enough iodine hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism

Located just above the kidney Secretes many hormones Epinephrine
Adrenal glands Located just above the kidney Secretes many hormones Epinephrine Norepinephrine Many steroid hormones, inc estrogen and androgens. Steroids have a three ring chemical structure

Pancreas- pancreatic juices into the intestine secretes insulin, a hormone that transports glucose into cells. Also secretes glucagon- increases glucose in bloodstream

Cause- decreased secretion of insulin Symptoms
Diabetes Mellitus- Cause- decreased secretion of insulin Symptoms Excessive thirst, excessive urination, hyperglycemia, slow healing of skin infections Affects 21 million in US: 7% of population Estimated 1/3 of people who have diabetes don’t know it 225,000 die each year 132 billion/year- 10% of our health care spending

Insulin was the first hormone identified (late 1920's) which won the doctor and medical student who discovered it the Nobel Prize (Banting and Best) Human Insulin - First ever approved genetically engineered human therapeutic by Genentech

The Human Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System
urinary bladder seminal vesicles prostate gland urethra penis rectum epididymis Cowper’s gland testis/testes vas deferens scrotum

Male Reproductive System (frontal view)
See p. 62 in Review book

Scrotum – sac of skin that holds testes. Hangs below body to keep testes cool. Sperm cannot be produced if body is too warm. Testes move into scrotum just before birth. Testis/testes – male gonads. Made up of small, coiled tubes – seminiferous tubules per testis. Immature sperm made here. Secrete testosterone

Epididymis – storage area in upper rear of testis. Immature sperm move here to mature – takes 18 hours. Vas deferens – tube that leads upwards from each testis into lower part of abdomen from epididymis. Cowper’s gland – produces fluids that nourish sperm and protect them from the acidity of female. Combination of sperm and fluids - semen

6. Rectum – holds wastes 7. Seminal vesicles – same job as Cowper’s gland 8. Urinary bladder – stores urine 9. Prostate gland – same job as Cowper’s gland and seminal vesicles 10. Urethra – passageway for excretion of urine and for sperm to leave body. Vas deferens empties into urethra

11. Penis – male reproductive organ. Facilitates internal fertilization Ejaculation – muscular contractions force semen through urethra. Before, during and after ejaculation reflex actions keep outlet of bladder closed

Hormones and Negative Feedback in Males
Negative Feedback – change that leads to a response that causes something to counteract that change Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – stimulates testes to produce testosterone Testosterone – stimulates development of sperm. Once there is a large number of sperm, puberty is complete.

Hormone Negative Feedback System

What is the effect of high levels of LH?
Testosterone is produced What is the effect of high levels of testosterone? Slows production of LH which in turn slows production of testosterone What is the overall outcome of this on-off negative feedback system involving LH and testosterone? Nearly constant level of both hormones - homeostasis

Another Way of Looking at Negative Feedback in the Male Reproductive System
Brain Pituitary gland Male Reproductive Organs target cells – receptor cells LH stimulates the testes cells

Male Reproductive System and Hormones
Explain how LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. Circulates in the blood- reaches the testes target cells – stimulates them to produce testosterone What happens when the levels of testosterone are too high in the body? LH level drops What is negative feedback and how does it maintain homeostasis? Change in conditions triggers response in body to counteract that condition. Keeps hormones in balance

Female Reproductive System
oviduct ovary Urinary bladder uterus urethra rectum cervix vagina

Female Reproductive System (frontal view)
See p. 61 in Review book

Ovary – female gonads. Secrete estrogen – produces secondary characteristics, menstrual cycle Produces eggs – 2 ovaries 4cms long, 2 cms wide

Follicles – each ovary contains 200,000 egg sacs called follicles
Follicles – each ovary contains 200,000 egg sacs called follicles. In each follicle is an immature egg. All the eggs are present at birth. During the woman’s lifetime 500 eggs mature When an egg matures, follicle moves to surface of ovary. Follicle breaks & releases the egg – ovulation Egg can be fertilized for about 24 hours after ovulation

2. Oviduct (fallopian tube) – Each ovary is near but not connected to oviduct. Tube with funnel-like opening. Cilia line it to create a current that draws the egg into the tube. Egg is fertilized in the oviduct 3. Uterus – thick, muscular, pear-shaped organ. Once egg is fertilized it finishes its development in uterus attached to uterine wall

4. Urinary bladder – storage of urine 5. Urethra – passage of urine to outside of body 6. Vagina (birth canal) – leads to outside of body 7. Cervix – narrow neck of uterus 8. Rectum – passage for wastes

The Menstrual Cycle What is the menstrual cycle?
Cycle during which an egg develops and is released from the ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg Menarche: first menstrual period – usually occurs between 11 and 12 Menopause: time when a woman stops menstruating, usually between 45 & 55 and is no longer able to conceive.

The Menstrual Cycle

The Menstrual Cycle 1. Menstruation: Loss of egg and uterine tissue via vagina if fertilization does not occur 2. Follicle Stage (follicular stage): lasts 10 days, FSH & LH levels increase, egg matures, follicle secretes estrogen to prepare uterus

The Menstrual Cycle 3. Ovulation: High level of estrogen detected by hypothalamus, increased LH, decreased FSH, follicle bursts – egg released 4. Corpus Luteum Stage (Luteal Phase): LH converts follicle to corpus luteum – secretes estrogen & progesterone. Progesterone prepares uterus. Increased progesterone keeps LH & FSH low

Another Way of Looking at Negative Feedback in the Female Reproductive System (Hormones of the Menstrual Cycle) Brain Pituitary gland FSH (causes egg to mature in follicle) LH (causes to egg to be let go = ovulation) ovary Estrogen (causes uterine lining to thicken & build up to prepare for egg) uterus Progesterone (helps maintain uterine lining)

Hormones of Menstrual Cycle
What happens if fertilization occurs? Corpus luteum keeps producing progesterone to maintain pregnancy. After 5 weeks the embryo produces progesterone – this inhibits LH & FSH so no menstrual cycle What happens if fertilization does not occur? There is no implantation – the corpus luteum breaks down. Progesterone level drops, uterine lining breaks down – menstruation. FSH & LH are produced again – new cycle Average Menstrual Cycle is 28 days long

Ovulation to Implantation
oviduct uterus egg from ruptured follicle cervix ovary follicle vagina sperm

Ovary – produces estrogen & progesterone – meiosis occurs & egg develops Egg matures in follicle of ovary Ovulation – egg released from follicle – may live for 24 hours - egg moves into fallopian tube by cilia

Events in fallopian tube Fertilization occurs here. Sperm lives 4-5 days (egg lives 1 day) Zygote undergoes mitosis & travels down fallopian tube within 6-10 days. Zygote is ready to implant into uterus.

Events in uterus Implantation – embryo implants/embeds into uterine lining & secretes hormone HCG to signal its arrival Cell Differentiation – cells divide by mitosis & become different due to gene expression. Different embryo parts will form.

Menstrual Cycle Animation

1/31/13 Period 4 Attendance Mitosis Brainpop

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "1/31/13 Period 4 Attendance Mitosis Brainpop"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

1/31/13 Period 4 Attendance Mitosis Brainpop

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "1/31/13 Period 4 Attendance Mitosis Brainpop"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback