1. Colonies Become New Nations
Independence movements swept through Africa and Asia at the end of WWII

2. Who is Mohandas Gandhi?
Gandhi had been practicing civil disobedience/nonviolence in retaliation of British colonialism in India (foreign influence)
Salt March
Helped India gain independence

3. How well did Muslims and Hindus get along in India?
Disliked each other and were fighting for political power (religious conflict)
Both feared each other being in power and being harsh to the other group
“The only thing the Muslim has in common with the Hindu is his slavery to the British”

4. How did they solve the problem?
Partition of India
Only safe solution Britain saw to prevent as much conflict as possible
The territory is split in two:
India: Hindu
Pakistan: Muslim

5. Partition of India

6. How well did the migrations to the new territories go?
Caused millions to move to new areas
Each religious group began killing each other as they moved to their new nations
1 million died
Gandhi pleaded for the violence to stop but was killed by a Hindu extremist who thought he was being too nice to the Muslims

7. Battle for Kashmir
Muslims and Hindus fought over the small region of Kashmir
Piece of land between Pakistan and India
Hindu ruler but the majority of the population were Muslim
Result: Fighting continued until the UN arranged a cease fired in 1949
Split up the territory but still fight over it today (Great Example of continuing RELIGIOUS CONFLICT!!!!!)

8. Modern India Became the world’s largest democracy!!!
Process of becoming democratic has been slow
Issues with overpopulation/ successful in producing enough crops food so far
Caste system outlawed but still impacts daily life through what jobs people can get (Gap between tradition and the law)
Continuing religious conflicts
Threat of nuclear conflict w/Pakistan
Both have become nuclear powers
Continuing struggle for Kashmir could spark a nuclear conflict between the bitter enemies

9. Female Leaders Indira Gandhi: India Benazir Bhutto: Pakistan
Significance: became important national leaders in nations in which women have not traditionally had equal opportunities

10. History of Pakistan

11. History of Pakistan 1947: Started off as a divided country
West P: province of Punjab
East P: became known as Bangladesh
West dominated the government of Pakistan even though the east had a larger population
West created economic opportunities in their own territory but not in the east

12. East Pakistan Breaks Away
East struggled and remained in poverty
Was difficult to trade with the west due to India being in the middle
East announced their independence from Pakistan under the new name of Bangladesh
West Pakistan was furious and attempted to put down the movement

13. East Pakistan Breaks Away
India took the Bengalis side and helped them to win their independence
Significance: West Pakistan becomes known as Pakistan and acknowledged the existence of the creation of Bangladesh in 1971

14. Modern Bangladesh Has struggled with many challenges
One of the world’s poorest and most crowded countries!
EX: their population is more than half as large as the United States but is only the size of Alabama!
Environmental Problems
Devastating floods and tropical storms

15. What is the main point?
Even though Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh gained their Independence from Britain they are still struggling to achieve stability
Assassination of leaders
Religious conflict
Nuclear threat

16. Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence

17. Impact of WWII
Japan had seized most of southeast Asia from the European nations that had controlled the area for years
Defeat of Japan in the war would cause them to be forced out
Southeast Asian territories refused to go back under European colonial rule and pushed for independence

18. Independence Achieved
Philippines became the first in 1946
Given by the U.S.
Make a deal to allow the U.S. to keep their naval base there (important location due to the cold war)
Burma (Myanmar) gains independence from Britain
Ruled by a harsh military government that refuses to accept the democratic changes the public wants

19. Malaysia and Singapore
Both have achieved independence and economic prosperity
Singapore has one of the busiest ports in the world that has helped them to grow rich. (high standard of living)

20. Indonesian Independence
Win it from the Dutch (Netherlands)
Attempted to build a democratic nation but were unsuccessful
Struggle economically
Harsh military dictatorship emerges
Several human rights violations and little religious freedom
Annex East Timor (harsh towards them)

21. East Timor Poorly treated but never gave up on their fight for freedom
Indonesian soldiers put down an independence movement slaughtering hundreds and force thousands to flee to West Timor
Result: UN gets involved and brings peace and helped East Timor achieve their independence

22. Conflicts in the Middle East
Division of Palestine after WWII made the Middle East a hotbed of competing nationalist movements that have caused friction that still exist today.

23. Israel Becomes a State
Palestine holds religious significance to the Muslims, Christians, and Jews
Split into Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip
Jews claimed the land from when they ruled the area of Jerusalem 3,000 years ago
Palestinians (both Muslim and Christian) said it was their land since they drove the Jews out in 135 AD.
Arabs believed it was their land from their conquests in the 7th century
Significance: Creation of the state/country of Israel was a controversial issue

25. Why did Israel become a state?
After being forced out of Palestine in the 2nd century the Jewish population could not find a place to live and establish their own state
Forced to live in numerous countries
Dispersal is known as the Diaspora
Began to return to Palestine and demand their own state in the 19th and 20th century
Strongly opposed by the Palestinians creating hostility between the two
End of WWII, UN voted to settle the issue with a partition creating two separate states
Jerusalem would be an international city controlled by neither state
Sympathy for the Jews from the Holocaust played a factor in the partition

26. Israel and Arab State Conflict
Day after it became a state, 6 Islamic neighbors invaded Israel!
Significance: a series of wars would result in the creation of Israel and it remains a hotspot still today
The state that was suppose to be Palestine never formed and is controlled by several Arab states

27. Taking Palestinian Land
Egypt took the Gaza strip
Jordan took the West Bank of the Jordan River
Egyptian President, Gamal Abdel Nasser seized control of the Suez Canal from the British
Wanted to gain control of vital resources

28. Arab-Israeli Wars Continue
Continued to fight one another exchanging control of territories back and forth
Yom Kippur War
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat planned a joint attack by the Arab states on Israel on Yom Kippur (Jewish Holiday)
Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir launched a counter attack to regain the territory
Results: both sides eventually came to a truce

29. PLO Palestine Liberation Organization
Palestinians struggled for recognition with all the fighting between the Israel and the Arab states
Formed to push for their formation of an independent state
Radicals emerged as the leaders and felt armed struggle was the only way to achieve success

30. Yasser Arafat Became leader of the PLO
60s & 70s: PLO carried out numerous attacks against Israel under his leadership
Some Arab neighbors supported the PLO’s goals and allowed them to operate from their lands

31. Attempts at Peace
1977: Anwar Sadat (Egyptian President) shocked the world by extending a hand of peace to Israel
In exchange for peace, Israel would recognize the rights of Palestinians and return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt
Camp David Accords
Jimmy Carter guided the peace agreement between Egypt and Israel
Significance: Egypt became the first Arab state to recognize the state of Israel

32. Israeli & Palestinian Tensions Increase
PLO and Israelis continued to fight armed conflicts on the West Bank and Gaza Strip (lands controlled by Israel)
Intifada (Uprising): expressed their frustrations through civil disobedience
Boycotts, demonstrations, attacks on Israeli soldiers
Oslo Peace Accords: Israel gave the Palestinians self rule in the Gaza Strip and West Bank

33. Central Asia Struggles
Main Idea: Lands controlled or influenced by the Soviet Union struggle with the challenges of establishing new nations.

34. Freedom Brings New Challenges
15 nations gained their independence with the fall of the Soviet Union
Have struggled economically and are some of the poorest countries in the world today!
Depend on the single crop of cotton (white gold) because the soviets changed all of their farmlands into cotton fields
Fighting among various ethnic and religious groups has increased the instability

35. History of Afghanistan
small nation that is mostly desert and mountainous
One of the least developed nations in the world
Mostly farmers or herders
Strategic land next to the Indian Ocean that the British and Russians wanted and fought over in the 1800s (Age of Imperialism)
Gained independence in 1919
1964: attempted to make democratic reforms but they failed to develop

36. Soviets Invade Afghanistan
Afghanistan tried to remain Neutral during the cold war
Received aid from both superpowers
Being so close to the Soviets, they could not hold up against the force of communism
Radical group with strong ties to the soviets seized control of the country
Many disliked the ideas of communism and felt they conflicted with the teachings of Islam

37. Pushing Out The Soviets
Opposition to the soviets formed the mujahedeen (holy warriors)
Took up arms and fought the soviet supported govt.
Forced the Soviet Union to step in and brought in soldiers and their superior weapons (1979)
Outcome: Afghan rebels used the land, guerilla warfare, and U.S. financial and military aid to force the Soviets out in a bloody 10 year war

38. Taliban Rebel groups began battling each other for power
Taliban: conservative Islamic group won control
World view of the Taliban was positive at first as it brought order but their extreme following of Islamic law brought problems
Women not allowed an education/job
Censorship of media
Violations of laws brought beatings and executions
Role in Terrorism is final blow to their credibility

39. Fall of Taliban
Western leaders accused the Taliban of allowing terrorist groups to train in their country
Provided protection for Bin Laden whose Al-Qaeda organization is responsible for numerous attacks on the west (9/11)
U.S demanded Taliban turn over Bin Laden
Their refusal led to the U.S invading Afghanistan in 2001 and taking down the Taliban
Future will be difficult as the region is very diverse making it difficult to be unified and stable