1. CHAPTER 6
RELIGION

2. FOCUS ON THE FOLLOWING IN THIS CHAPTER
Universal vs. Ethnic
Major Universal and Ethnic characteristics (where are they, percentage of world population…)
Major branches of those religions
Where are the major religions and their major branches and why are they there? (ex. Historical migration patterns)
How do different religions affect the environment? ex. burial practices)
Examples of religious tension/fighting/war (ex. Northern Ireland)

3. GEOGRAPHERS & RELIGION…
Geographers are concerned with the process of how religions diffuse and possible conflicts
Examine how religions have a two way relationship with the environment
They want to understand why some are widespread and others are clustered in specific places

4. Where are Religions Distributed?
ISSUE #1
Where are Religions Distributed?

5. TYPES OF RELIGIONS UNIVERSALIZING ETHNIC
Attempt to be global
Appeal to all people, regardless of location or culture
About 62% of the world’s population
Are divided into branches, denominations, and sects
Appeal primarily to one group in one place
About 24% of world’s population

6. UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS
BUDDHISM
CHRISTIANITY
ISLAM

7. ETHNIC RELIGIONS DAOISM (TAOISM) HINDUISM JUDAISM AFRICAN RELIGIONS
CONFUCIANISM
SHINTOISM

8. World Distribution of Religions
Fig. 6-1: World religions by continent. KNOW THIS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

9. World Population by Religion
Fig. 6-1a: Over two thirds of the world’s population adhere to Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, or Buddhism. Christianity is the single largest world religion.

10. CHRISTIANITY
3 major branches are Roman Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox
About 90% of people in the Western Hemisphere are Christian

11. ISLAM Islam means “submission to the will of god”
a follower of Islam is called a Muslim (one who surrenders to God)
Predominates from North Africa to Central Asia
population is increasing in North America and Europe
2 main branches are Sunni and Shiite (Shia)

12. BUDDHISM Located primarily in China and Southeast Asia
3 main branches are Mahayana, Theravada, Tantrayana
Accurate count is difficult because:
Few participate in Buddhist institutions
Differs from Western concept of a formal religion
Communism in China

13. ETHNIC RELIGIONS
You are responsible for this section, pages

14. ISSUE #2 Why do Religions Have Different Distributions?
(read and know the intro!!!)

15. ORIGINS UNIVERSALIZING ETHNIC Specific places of origin
Based on the life of one man
(ex. Christianity-Jesus, Islam-Muhammad, Buddhism-Siddhartha)
Unknown/unclear origins
not identified with one specific individual
(ex. Hinduism-Indian culture over several centuries)
- Judaism is an exception

16. DIFFUSION-UNIVERSALIZING
All 3 diffused from specific hearths located in Asia. Buddhism-present day Nepal; Christianity-present day Israel; Islam-present day Saudi Arabia

17. CHRISTIANITY
Diffused through a combination of all types of diffusion (relocation and expansion)

18. ISLAM
Diffused very rapidly through North Africa, SW Europe and SW Asia

19. BUDDHISM

20. DIFFUSION - ETHNIC
Limited to no diffusion; usually by relocation diffusion
Unlike universalizing, they don’t have missionaries
They are often either replaced by URs or mix with them
Ex. Traditional African religious mixing with Christianity
70% of Japanese say they are Buddhist, 90% say they are Shinto (huh?)
Judaism the exception to this trend – it’s practiced in many countries, not just location of its origins

21. TYPE 2 List 3 universalizing religions and 3 ethnic religions
List 3 major differences between universalizing and ethnic religions
List the primary locations of the 3 universalizing religions (use regions, not countries – for ex. Western Hemisphere, Eastern Europe….)

22. HOLY PLACES UNIVERSALIZING ETHNIC
Tend to be tied to places related to the founder (cities, villages…)
Ex. Mecca for Muhammad/Islam
Tend to be tied to the physical environment of the hearth (mountains, rivers…)
Ex. Ganges River for Hindus

24. IMPORTANT SITES IN JERUSALEM

25. WESTERN WALL (wailing wall)
Section of the western wall that remains of the Jewish Temple destroyed in A.D. 70
Extremely sacred place for Jews

26. DOME OF THE ROCK Built to represent the greatness of Islam
Built on the site of the rock on which Abraham went to sacrifice his son
Also the site of Muhammad’s “night journey”

27. CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHER
Built over the site of Jesus’ burial
Extremely sacred to Christians

28. Holy Sites for Buddhists
Fig. 6-9: Most holy sites in Buddhism are locations of important events in Buddha’s life and are clustered in northeastern India and southern Nepal.

29. Buddhist Temple Bodh Gaya, India

30. Mecca, Islam’s Holiest City
Fig. 6-10: Makkah (Mecca) is the holiest city in Islam and the site of pilgrimage for millions of Muslims each year. There are numerous holy sites in the city.

31. Makkah during the Haj Pilgrimage
The Ka’ba stands at the center of the Great Mosque (al-Haran al Sharif) in Makkah.

32. Ritual Bathing in the Ganges River
Hindu pilgrims achieve purification by bathing in the Ganges.

33. Baha’i Temple in Uganda

34. The Golden Temple in Amritsar
The Golden Temple (Darbar Sahib) in Amritsar, India is the holiest structure for Sikhism.

35. COSMOGONY
Read this section on Look at how universalizing and ethnic religions differ in the following:
Creation of the world? How?
Interaction with nature?
Modification of nature?

36. CALENDAR UNIVERSALIZING ETHNIC
Holidays based primarily on significant events of the founder’s life
Ex. - birth of Jesus (Christians)
- Siddhartha’s birth (Buddhists)
Holidays based primarily on physical geography of the homeland (seasons and agriculture)
Ex. - Holi for Hindus
- Bontok of the Philippines

37. CALENDARS - ETHNIC
Prominent feature of ERs is the celebration of seasons – particularly for agriculture
Judaism – major holidays based on agriculture in Israel
Ex. Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement – Fall)
Use a lunar calendar
Solstice has a significant meaning for many ethnic religions (shortest and longest days of year)

38. CALENDARS - UNIVERSALIZING
Prominent feature is celebrating events of the founder’s life
Islam uses a lunar calendar, Christianity a solar
Holidays arrive in different seasons from generation to generation when using a lunar calendar(ex. Ramadan for Muslims)
Not all members of URs celebrate same holidays on same day ( ex. Easter, Buddha’s birth)

39. ISSUE #3 Why do Religions Organize Space in Different Patterns?
(AP test likes questions about the impact of religion on space)

40. Places of Worship All major religions have these structures/buildings
The function of these locations influences the arrangement of them over the landscape
Have different characteristics, purposes, meanings….
The distribution of these religious elements on the landscape reflects the importance of religion for that particular society

41. Christianity – Church (sanctified for public worship)
Islam – Mosque (public assembly)
Hinduism – Temple (more for shrines, home is used more for worship)
Buddhism, Shintoism – Pagodas (contain relics)

42. Church – St. Paul’s in London

43. Blue Mosque - Turkey
Blue Mosque - Turkey

44. Hindu Temple - India

45. Pagoda - China

46. SACRED SPACE
How religions distribute their elements across land depends on their beliefs
distributions range from very small (cemetery) to very large (entire communities - ex. Salt Lake City, Utah)
Most significant land use is for burial and religious settlements

47. SACRED SPACE - BURIAL
Climate, topography, and doctrine combine to create different burial practices
Use of cemeteries (Christianity, Judaism, Islam)
Health concerns
Bodies facing certain direction
Used as parks
Take up valuable land (ex. China now encouraging cremation)
Not all bury dead (ex. Cremation for Hindus)

48. SACRED SPACE – RELIGIOUS SETTLEMENTS
Most settlements serve an economic purpose, some serve a religious one
Utopian societies (Salt Lake City)
Religious impact on colonial settlements (clustered settlement patterns of Puritans in New England)

49. SACRED SPACE – RELIGIOUS PLACE NAMES
Roman Catholics often give place names (also called ?????) to settlements, particularly in the new world
Quebec
U.S. Southwest

50. Place Names in Québec
Fig. 6-12: Place names in Québec show the impact of religion on the landscape. Many cities and towns are named after saints.

51. BUILDINGS OF WORSHIP VIDEOS
Hindu Temple Muslim Mosque Jewish Synagogue Christian Church

52. Why do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups?
ISSUE #4
Why do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups?

53. Since WWII local conflicts in areas of cultural diversity have increased (often religiously based)
Inflexible religious views = conflict

54. RELIGION v. GOVERNMENT POLICIES
Role of religion in organizing the earth’s surface has been diminished in some areas, largely due to political and economic change
Know examples of how for each of the following:
Islam particularly affected
Hinduism and West
Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Communism
VS.

55. RELIGION vs. GOVERNMENT POLICIES
Religion v. Communism
Vs.

56. RELIGION vs. RELIGION Know these examples Christian v. Muslim
Catholic v. Protestant
Sunni v. Shiite
Hindu v. Muslim

57. RELIGIOUS WARS IN IRELAND
Worst religious boundary in W. Europe
Republic of Ireland – 92% Roman Catholic
Northern Ireland (UK) – 58% Protestant and 42% Roman Catholic
Island became part of the UK in 1801
Declared independence in 1937, members of the North chose to stay part of the UK (why?)
RCs victimized by discrimination in the Northern Ireland – fighting between RCs and Ps has led to more than 3,000 deaths since 1968
IRA - UDF
Majority want peace, extremist elements make that difficult

58. UNITED KINGDOM

59. IRELAND cont.
Fig 6-14:
When Ireland became independent in 1937, 26 northern districts with large Protestant populations chose to remain part of the United Kingdom.

60. Catholic Protestors in Northern Ireland

65. RELIGIOUS WARS – MIDDLE EAST
Jews, Christians and Muslims have been fighting over land for centuries (historical name is Palestine)
Jews - trace their origins here (Promised Land) - kicked out by the Romans in A.D. 70
Christians – major events of Jesus’ life centered here and Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century
Muslims – Jerusalem is their third holiest city, believe Muhammad ascended to heaven from there
Have controlled this area for most of the past 1,500 years

67. CRUSADES
Muslim empire expanded quickly after Muhammad’s death (632) across northern Africa and into Europe
Beginning in 1099 the Christians in WE launched a series of military campaigns to regain the holy land (lasted about 150 years, gain, and then lose, control of the holy land)

69. JEWS vs. MUSLIMS IN PALESTINE
Ottoman Empire (Muslim) ruled Palestine from 1500s – 1917 (what happened in 1917?)
UN voted to partition it into 2 countries, Jewish and Muslim in 1947 (what about Jerusalem?)
1948 – Jews declare their country, Arab neighbors attack the next day
Armistice in 1949 divided control of Jerusalem
3 more wars fought between Israel and its neighbors:
1956, 1967 (Six Days War), 1973
(read caption to maps on 211)
Camp David Accords

70. ISRAEL TODAY

71. Boundary Changes in Palestine/Israel
Fig. 6-16: The UN partition plan for Palestine in 1947 contrasted with the boundaries that were established after the War. Major changes later resulted from the 1967 War.

72. CONFLICT – PALESTINIAN PERSPECTIVES
After 1973 the Palestinians emerged as Israel’s primary opponent
Know 5 groups considering themselves Palestinians
Palestinians are very angry with Jewish settlements in the West Bank, consider this area their historical homeland as well
Role of the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization)
Some Palestinians are willing to accept the existence of while others (ex. Hamas) are not

73. CONFLICT – ISRAELI PERSPECTIVE
Sees itself as a small, Jewish nation surrounded by enemies
Major geographic considerations:
Major population centers are close to int’l borders (vulnerable)
Landforms (northern hills, West Bank, Golan Heights)

74. Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Political and Physical maps
Fig. 6-17: The West Bank and Gaza have been under Israeli control since 1967, and numerous Israeli settlements have been established there. The area includes three physical regions: the coastal plain, the hills, and the Jordan River Valley.

75. Section of Israeli Security Barrier
Fig : A typical section of the security barrier built by Israel in the West Bank.

76. Israel’s Barrier in the West Bank
Fig : The planned route of Israel’s security barrier in the West Bank includes many of Israel’s settlements in the territory.

77. Jerusalem - in the end, it all comes down to Jerusalem, no agreement on Jerusalem = continued tension
Fig. 6-15: The Old City of Jerusalem contains holy sites for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

78. Chapter 6: Review

79. 06.01 Which of the following is not a universalizing religion?
1. Buddhism
2. Christianity
3. Judaism
4. Islam

80. 06.01 Which of the following is not a universalizing religion?
1. Buddhism
2. Christianity
3. Judaism
4. Islam

81. 06.02 Roman Catholicism predominates in
1. Northern Europe
2. East Asia
3. Canada
4. South America
5. Australia

82. 06.02 Roman Catholicism predominates in
1. Northern Europe
2. East Asia
3. Canada
4. South America
5. Australia

83. 06.03 Which of the following is not one of the five pillars of Islam?
1. Accept Allah as the one God
2. Donate to charities
3. Fast during the month of Ramadan
4. Make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem
5. Pray five times daily

84. 06.03 Which of the following is not one of the five pillars of Islam?
1. Accept Allah as the one God
2. Donate to charities
3. Fast during the month of Ramadan
4. Make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem
5. Pray five times daily

85. 06.04 In which region are ethnic religions most widely practiced?
1. Asia
2. South America
3. North America
4. North Africa
5. Europe

86. 06.04 In which region are ethnic religions most widely practiced?
1. Asia
2. South America
3. North America
4. North Africa
5. Europe

87. 06.06 __________ consider solstices to be holy times.
1. Buddhists
2. Jews
3. Confucians
4. Christians
5. Pagans

88. 06.06 __________ consider solstices to be holy times.
1. Buddhists
2. Jews
3. Confucians
4. Christians
5. Pagans

89. 06.07 _________ typically favors cremation over burial.
1. Islam
2. Judaism
3. Taoism
4. Christianity
5. Hinduism

90. 06.07 _________ typically favors cremation over burial.
1. Islam
2. Judaism
3. Taoism
4. Christianity
5. Hinduism

91. 06.08 What is the second-highest rank within the Roman Catholic hierarchy?
1. Pope
2. Archbishop
3. Bishop
4. Cardinal
5. Priest

92. 06.08 What is the second-highest rank within the Roman Catholic hierarchy?
1. Pope
2. Archbishop
3. Bishop
4. Cardinal
5. Priest

93. 06.09 The caste system in India
1. Places Shudras at the top of the hierarchy
2. Was created by the Aryan invaders of India
3. Does not affect how individual Hindus practice the religion
4. Is enforced by official government policies
5. Sees the “untouchables” as closest to enlightenment

94. 06.09 The caste system in India
1. Places Shudras at the top of the hierarchy
2. Was created by the Aryan invaders of India
3. Does not affect how individual Hindus practice the religion
4. Is enforced by official government policies
5. Sees the “untouchables” as closest to enlightenment

95. 06.10 Which three religions have holy places in Jerusalem?
1. Sikhism, Islam, Judaism
2. Islam, Christianity, Hinduism
3. Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism
4. Islam, Christianity, Judaism
5. Jainism, Christianity, Judaism

96. 06.10 Which three religions have holy places in Jerusalem?
1. Sikhism, Islam, Judaism
2. Islam, Christianity, Hinduism
3. Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism
4. Islam, Christianity, Judaism
5. Jainism, Christianity, Judaism