1. Classification and Protista

2. Why do Scientists Classify?
Imagine a grocery store…
How are they organized?
What would happen if they were not organized?
How is your life organized?

3. Why do Scientists Classify?
Almost 13 billion known species of organisms
Need to keep organized! (Easier to study!)
Classification the grouping of information or objects based on similarities.

4. Why do Scientists Classify?
Taxonomy is the science of grouping and naming organisms.
Useful because:
once classified, scientists will know a lot about an organism

5. Early Classification Systems
Aristotle (4th century B.C.)
-observed animals
-watched appearance, behavior, movement
-fly, swim, and walk/crawl/run
-observed similarities and differences
-used differences to divide into smaller subgroups

6. Linnaeus Carolus Linnaeus (1750s)
-used observations as basis of his system
-placed organisms based on observable features
Devised naming system for organisms:
Binomial Nomenclature

7. Linnaeus Binomial Nomenclature- 2 part naming system -uses Latin words
First name (genus); second name (species)
Genus species Felis concolor
Genus is capitalized; species is NOT.
If you can’t italicize, underline the genus and species!

8. Classification Today
Species with similar evolutionary histories are classified more closely together.
-when organisms share a common ancestor, they share an evolutionary history

9. Levels of Classification
-based on contributions of both Aristotle and Linnaeus
There are 7 levels of classification.
Remember the first letter of this sentence:
King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti.

10. 7 Levels of Classification
Kingdom broadest level
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species most specific

11. Levels of Classification

12. Taxonomic Categories Taxon- a named group of organisms
Taxa range from having broad diagnostic characteristic to having specific characteristics
Genus- is defined as a group of species that are closely related and share a common ancestor

13. Taxonomic Categories
Family- is the next higher taxon, consisting of similar, related genera.
Ursidae family contains 9 species of bears

14. Higher Taxa Order- contains related families
Class- contains related orders
Bears belong to order carnivora and class mammalia

15. Higher Taxa Phylum or division- contains related classes
Kingdom- contains related phlya or divisions
Domain is the broadest of all taxa and contains one or more kingdoms
Bears are classified in phylum chordata, Kingom Animalia, and Domain Eukarya

17. Using the Classification System
Field guides help identify organisms.
-they highlight differences between similar organisms (like trees)
Taxonomic Key (AKA Dichotomous Key)
-paired statements that describe the physical characteristics of different organisms

18. Taxonomic Key
1. Fruits occur singly Go to 3
1' Fruits occur in clusters of two or more Go to 2
2. Fruits are round Grapes
2' Fruits are elongate Bananas
3. Thick skin that separates easily from flesh Oranges
3' Thin skin that adheres to flesh Go to 4
4. More than one seed per fruit Apples
4' One seed per fruit Go to 5
5. Skin covered with velvety hairs Peaches
5' Skin smooth, without hairs Plums

19. Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains
Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)
Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

20. Sewage treatment plants, thermal vents, etc.
Archaea live in harsh environments and may represent the first cells to have evolved.
Sewage treatment plants, thermal vents, etc.

21. Many bacteria are important environmentally and commercially.
Eubacteria, some of which cause human diseases, are present in almost all habitats on earth.
Live in the intestines of animals
Many bacteria are important environmentally and commercially.

22. Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms
Protista (protozoans, algae…)
Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)
Plantae (multicellular plants)
Animalia (multicellular animals)

23. Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular
Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic

24. Fungi Multicellular, except yeast
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it)
Cell walls made of chitin

25. Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic
Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis
Cell walls made of cellulose
Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development.
Development involves many stages from conception until death.

26. Animalia Multicellular
Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies)
Feed on plants or animals

29. Similarities and Differences in the Protist Kingdom
All are eukaryotes (cells with nuclei).
Live in moist surroundings.
Unicellular or multicellular.
Autotrophs, heterotrophs, or both.
Some can move - others cannot.

30. 3 categories of Protists:
Animal-like
Fungus-like
Plant-like

31. Animal-like Protists (Protozoans)
*Unicellular Heterotrophs
*Four groups based on movement: those with flagella, cilia, pseudopods, and the ‘others’.

32. Protozoans with Pseudopods
Pseudopods also called ‘false feet’
Cell membrane pushes in one direction & the cytoplasm flows into the bulge.
This allows the protozoan to move, dragging the rest of the cell behind it.

33. EXAMPLE OF HOW PSEUDOPODS MOVE
Pseudopod Movement
EXAMPLE OF HOW PSEUDOPODS MOVE
FLOW
PUSH
DRAG

34. Pseudopods & Feeding
They can form pseudopods to surround & trap food. Then form a food vacuole to break down food in the cytoplasm.

35. Pseudopods Reproduce by mitosis
Contractile vacuole - it collects extra H2O & expels it from cell
Thin cell membrane
No definite shape.
Example - Amoeba

36. Protozoans with cilia
Cilia - hairlike structures - help organisms move, get food and sense environment.
Multicellular with 2 nuclei.
1 nuclei controls everyday functions
1 nuclei is for reproduction.
Reproduce by mitosis or
conjugation.

37. Ciliates
Oral groove lined with cilia - moves H20 containing food into food vacuole at end of oral groove.
Food vacuole breaks down food and sends through cell.
Anal pore sends out waste.
Example of protozoan w/ cilia: paramecium.

38. CILIA CONTRACTILE VACUOLE FOOD VACUOLE ORAL GROOVE FOOD VACUOLE
ANAL PORE

39. Protozoans with flagella
Organisms called zooflagellates
Use long whiplike part called flagella to move.
These usually live inside other organisms.

40. Other Protozoans Called sporozoans - parasites
Feed on cells & body fluids of hosts
Sporozoans like Plasmodium (causes malaria) have more than 1 host: mosquitoes and then humans

41. Examples of Animal-like Protista
Cilates- move by cilia
Sarcodines- pseudopods
Sporozoans- spores
Zooflagellate- Flagella

42. Plantlike Protists Better known as algae Autotrophs
Size: unicellular to very large
Contain different pigments so they come in different colors.
Euglena: special type of algae -when there is no sunlight they become heterotrophic.

43. Plant-like protists are algae.
Algae are eukaryotic autotrophs.
They, along with other eukaryotic autotrophs, form the foundation of Earth’s food chains.
They produce much of Earth’s oxygen.

44. There are three unicellular phyla of algae:
Phylum Euglenophyta
Phylum Bacillariophyta
Phylum Dinoflagellata

45. Members of first phylum of algae, Euglenophyta, are both plant-like and animal-like.
Euglena are autotrophs since they make food from sunlight and
Heterotrophs since they ingest food from surrounding water.

47. The second unicellular algae, Bacillariophyta, are photosynthetic autotrophs.
They have shells of silica.
They make up a large portion of the world’s phytoplankton which is Earth’s largest provider of oxygen.

48. DIATOMS

49. The third unicellular algae, Dinoflagellata, are a major component of marine phytoplankton.
These algae have at least two flagella set at right angles to each other and thick cell walls made of cellulose plates.
Blooms of dinoflagellates cause “Red Tide.”

54. Multicellular algae are classified by color.

55. Rhodophyta are red seaweeds.
They are found in warm or cold marine environments along coast lines in deeper water.
They absorb green, violet, and blue light waves. These light waves are able to penetrate below 100 meters.

57. Phylum Phaeophyta is made up of the brown algae.
They are found in cool saltwater along rocky coasts.
Giant Kelp are the largest and most complex brown algae. They have hold fasts and air bladders.

59. The last of the multicellular algae are the green algae from the Phylum chlorophyta.
Most green algae are found in fresh water habitats.

60. A Volvox is a hollow boll composed of hundreds of flagellated cells in a single layer.

61. Chlamydomonas are actually unicellular and flagellated.

62. Funguslike Protists Like animals, they are heterotrophs
Like plants, they have cell walls
Reproduce by spores (tiny cells that can grow into a new organism)
Not in fungi kingdom because they can move at one point in their lives.
Example are water or slime molds.

63. Fungus-like protists, Myxomycota and Oomycota are decomposers.
Phylum Myxomycota are made up of plasmodial slime molds.
Phylum Oomycota is made up of water molds and downy molds.