1. Domain II - Organisms
EOCT REview

2. Energy in a Cell All life on Earth depends on the flow of energy
The main source of energy is the Sun
Energy from the sun is stored in nutrient molecules
The energy is then released by the metabolism of living cells

3. ATP adenosine triphosphate
Stores and releases the energy in its bonds when the cell needs it
The energy is used to make new molecules, to build organelles and membranes, maintain homeostasis, to move (muscle cells), to transmit impulses (nerve cells)
When a phosphate is added to an ADP (adenosine diphosphate), energy is stored
When a phosphate is removed from an ATP, energy is released

4. ATP

5. Endergonic vs. Exergonic
An endergonic reaction is any chemical reaction that stores energy
Ex. photosynthesis
An exergonic reaction is any chemical reaction that releases energy
Ex. cellular respiration

6. Question #1
Compared to unicellular organisms, cells of multicellular organisms have
fewer functions
thicker membranes
larger nuclei
less variation

7. Photosynthesis
Converts solar energy to chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates
Done by autotrophs including plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria
Takes place in the chloroplasts
Equation:
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2

8. Chloroplasts thylakoids – saclike photosynthetic membranes
grana – stacks of thylakoids
stroma – space outside the thylakoids

9. Two Main Reactions:
Light reactions – water is split, providing hydrogen and an energy source for the Calvin Cycle; oxygen is given off
The ‘photo’ part of photosynthesis
Also known as the light-dependent reactions
Occurs in the thylakoids
Calvin Cycle – series of reactions that form simple sugars using carbon dioxide and hydrogen
The ‘synthesis’ part of photosynthesis
Also known as the dark reactions or the light-independent reactions
Occurs in the stroma

10. Photosynthesis

11. Cellular Respiration
The carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis are used to produce ATP for life processes
Done by all organisms
Takes place in the mitochondria
Equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

12. Three Main Steps: Glycolysis – splitting the sugar, 2 ATP are produced
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle – 2 ATP are produced, carbon dioxide is released
Occurs in the mitochondria
Electron Transport Chain – 32 ATP are produced, oxygen is used to make water

13. Cellular Respiration

14. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic
Aerobic respiration – respiration that requires oxygen
Anaerobic respiration – respiration that does not require oxgyen
Lactic acid fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation

15. ATP Cycle

16. Question #2
The complexity of body systems differs greatly among organisms. Which of the following organisms has developed organ systems for obtaining and utilizing energy?
bacterium
mushroom
mouse
virus

17. Classification Grouping of objects based on similarities
Taxonomy – the branch of biology dealing with grouping and naming organisms
Aristotle was the first to classify organisms
Two groups:
Plants – shrubs, herbs, or trees
Animals – grouped based on where they live
Carolus Linnaeus developed the system that is still used today
He also developed the two word naming system – binomial nomenclature

18. Binomial Nomenclature
The first word in the name identifies the genus and is always capitalized
The second word, the species, is a descriptive word and is never capitalized
Quercus alba – white oak (alba is Latin for ‘white’)
Quercus rubra – red oak (rubra is Latin for ‘red’)

19. Levels of Classification
Domain
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Kingdom
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

20. Kingdom Eubacteria ‘true bacteria’ Prokaryotes
Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotrophs or heterotrophs
Ex. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli

21. Kingdom Archaebacteria
‘ancient bacteria’
Prokaryotes
Cell walls without peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotrophs or heterotrophs
Ex. Methanogens, halophiles

22. Kingdom Protista Eukaryotes Some have cell walls made of cellulose
Most are unicellular, some are colonial, some are multicellular
Autotrophs or heterotrophs
Ex. Amoeba, paramecium, algae, seaweed, slime molds

23. Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotes Cell walls made of chitin
Most are multicellular; some are unicellular
Heterotrophs
Ex. Mushrooms, yeasts

24. Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotes Cell walls made of cellulose Multicellular
Autotrophs
Ex. Trees, mosses, ferns, flowering plants

25. Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotes No cell wall Multicellular Heterotrophs
Ex. Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals

26. Viruses
Are not classified because scientists cannot agree on whether or not they are living
They reproduce (in a host) and contain DNA or RNA but are not made of cells
Structure:
DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

27. Question #3
One main difference between members of the Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia is the ability to
obtain energy
reproduce
move
exchange gases

28. Question #4 The function of chlorophyll in a light reaction is to
bind CO2 to H2O
split to produce O2
trap light energy
act as a source of CO2

29. Question #5
A group of prokaryotes that live in extreme environments are the
viruses
protists
eubacteria
archaebacteria

30. Flying insects, birds, bats
Question #6
The table shows an early method of classifying animals.
Which of the following best illustrates why the modern Linnaean classification system has replaced the system developed by Aristotle?
Flying insects fly over both land and water.
Eating habits of reptiles and some land mammals are different.
Sea snake bones are similar to those of reptiles that live on land.
Birds are warm-blooded like mammals.
Group
Air Dwellers
Water Dwellers
Land Dwellers
Examples
Flying insects, birds, bats
Fish, whales, sea snakes
Reptiles, land mammals

31. Question #7
Scientists have discovered a new species of animal. Which would provide the best basis for classifying this new species?
DNA comparison
diet of animal
habitat of animal
appearance of animal

32. Answers A C D

33. Information and images obtained from:
Google image search
Campbell, Neil A. and Reece Jane B (2001). "6". Biology. Benjamin Cummings.
Miller, Kenneth R. and Levine Joseph S. (2002). Biology. Prentice Hall.