1. THE UNITED STATES IN WORLD WAR II
AMERICA TURNS THE TIDE

2. Timeline: What’s Happening?
United States:
1941 – Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor
1942 – Japanese Americans are sent to relocation centers
1945 – US Marines take Iwo Jima
World:
1941 – Hitler invades the Soviet Union
1942- Nazi’s develop the “final solution” for exterminating Jews
1945 – Japan surrenders after atomic bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima

3. Section One: Mobilizing for Defense:
Main Idea: Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States mobilized for war.
Why it Matters Now: Military industries in the United States today are a major part of the American economy.
Key Terms:
George Marshall
Women’s Auxiliary Army Corp (WAAC)
A. Philip Randolph
Manhattan Project
Key Terms:
Office of Price Administration (OPA)
War Production Board (WPB)
Rationing

4. Section 1: Objectives: By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:
1. Explain how the United States expanded its armed forces in World War II.
2. Describe the wartime mobilization of industry, labor, scientists, and the media.
3. Trace the efforts of the US government to control the economy and deal with alleged subversion.

5. SECTION 1: MOBILIZING FOR DEFENSE
After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, they thought America would avoid further conflict with them
The Japan Times newspaper said America was “trembling in their shoes”
But if America was trembling, it was with rage, not fear
“Remember Pearl Harbor” was the rallying cry as America entered WWII

6. AMERICANS RUSH TO ENLIST
After Pearl Harbor five million Americans enlisted to fight in the war
The Selective Service expanded the draft and eventually provided an additional 10 million soldiers

7. WOMEN JOIN THE FIGHT
Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall pushed for the formation of the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)
Under this program women worked in non-combat roles such as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, and pilots

8. ALL AMERICANS FOUGHT
Despite discrimination at home, minority populations contributed to the war effort
1,000,000 African Americans served in the military
300,000 Mexican-Americans
33,000 Japanese Americans
25,000 Native Americans
13,000 Chinese Americans
These “Golden 13” Great Lakes officers scored the highest marks ever on the Officers exam in 1944

9. A PRODUCTION MIRACLE
Americans converted their auto industry into a war industry
The nation’s automobile plants began to produce tanks, planes, boats, and command cars
Many other industries also converted to war-related supplies

10. LABOR’S CONTRIBUTION
By 1944, nearly 18 million workers were laboring in war industries (3x the # in 1941)
More than 6 million of these were women and nearly 2 million were minority

11. MOBILIZATION OF SCIENTISTS
In 1941, FDR created the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to bring scientists into the war effort
Focus was on radar and sonar to locate submarines
Also the scientists worked on penicillin and pesticides like DDT

12. MANHATTAN PROJECT
The most important achievement of the OSRD was the secret development of the atomic bomb
Einstein wrote to FDR warning him that the Germans were attempting to develop such a weapon
The code used to describe American efforts to build the bomb was the “Manhattan Project”

13. What are your thoughts on Nuclear Warfare?
I feel that it may be necessary in war
I don’t like it, but could see why it was used
Not sure
It should never be used in warfare 25

14. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TAKES CONTROL OF INFLATION
With prices of goods threatening to rise out of control, FDR responded by creating the Office of Price Administration (OPA)
The OPA froze prices on most goods and encouraged the purchase of war bonds to fight inflation

16. WAR PRODUCTION BOARD
To ensure the troops had ample resources, FDR created the WPB
The WPB decided which companies would convert to wartime production and how to best allocate raw materials to those industries

17. COLLECTION DRIVES
The WPB also organized nationwide drives to collect scrap iron, tin cans, paper, rags and cooking fat for recycling
Additionally, the OPA set up a system of rationing
Households had set allocations of scarce goods – gas, meat, shoes, sugar, coffee

18. WWII Poster encouraging conservation

20. Section Two: Objectives
By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:
1. Summarize the Allies’ plan for winning the war
2. Identify events in the war in Europe
3. Describe the liberation of Europe

21. Section Two: The War for Europe and North Africa
Main Idea: Allied forces, led by the United States and Great Britain, battle Axis powers for control of Europe and North Africa.
Why it Matters Now: During World War II, the United States assumed a leading role in world affairs that continues today.
Key Terms:
Dwight D. Eisenhower
D-Day
Omar Bradley
Key Terms:
George Patton
Battle of the Bulge
V-E Day
Harry S. Truman

22. SECTION 2: THE WAR FOR EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA
Days after Pearl Harbor, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill arrived at the White House and spent three weeks working out war plans with FDR
They decided to focus on defeating Hitler first and then turn their attention to Japan

23. THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC
After America’s entry into the war, Hitler was determined to prevent foods and war supplies from reaching Britain and the USSR from America’s east coast
He ordered submarine raids on U.S. ships on the Atlantic
During the first four months of 1942 Germany sank 87 U.S. ships
The power of the German submarines was great, and in two months' time almost two million tons of Allied ships were resting on the ocean floor. Efforts were soon made to restrict German subs' activities.

24. ALLIES CONTROL U-BOATS
In the first seven months of 1942, German U-boats sank 681 Allied ships in the Atlantic
Something had to be done or the war at sea would be lost
First, Allies used convoys of ships & airplanes to transport supplies
Destroyers used sonar to track U-boats
Airplanes were used to track the U-boats ocean surfaces
With this improved tracking, Allies inflicted huge losses on German U-boats
US Begins to increase number of warships and by 1943: 140 Liberty Ships per month
ALLIES CONTROL U-BOATS
U-426 sinks after attack from the air, January Almost two-thirds of all U-boat sailors died during the Battle of the Atlantic.

25. THE EASTERN FRONT & MEDITERRANEAN
Hitler wanted to wipe out Stalingrad – a major industrial center on the Volga River that could halt supplies going to Moscow
In the summer of 1942, the Germans took the offensive in the southern Soviet Union
Luftwaffe bombed the city in nightly raids.
Soviet officers recommended torching the city and abandoning it.
Stalin: Not a step back!
Battle of Stalingrad was a huge Allied victory

26. Wounded in the Battle of Stalingrad
For weeks the Germans pressed in on Stalingrad (Brutal hand to hand combat)
Then winter set in and the Germans were wearing summer uniforms
Hitler’s advisors urged him to retreat: “I won’t go back from the Volga!”
By January 1943: Germans were starved, frost-bitten, and lice-ridden
The Germans surrendered 2/2/1943: 91,000 of the original 330,000 survived
BUT:
The Soviets lost more than a million soldiers and civilians.
Wounded in the Battle of Stalingrad

27. THE NORTH AFRICAN FRONT
“Operation Torch” – an invasion of Axis -controlled North Africa --was launched by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1942
Allied troops landed in Casablanca, Oran and the Algiers in Algeria
They sped eastward chasing the Afrika Korps led by German General Erwin Rommel
Germans surrendered in May 1943
American tanks roll in the deserts of Africa and defeat German and Axis forces

28. FDR and Churchill in Casablanca
CASABLANCA MEETING
FDR and Churchill met in Casablanca and decided their next moves
1) Plan amphibious invasions of France and Italy (Start with Italy=weaker)
2) Only unconditional surrender would be accepted
FDR and Churchill in Casablanca

29. ITALIAN CAMPAIGN – ANOTHER ALLIED VICTORY
Mussolini and his mistress Clara Petacci
The Italian Campaign got off to a good start as the Allies easily took Sicily
At that point King Emmanuel III stripped Mussolini of his power and had him arrested
However, Hitler’s forces continued to resist the Allies in Italy and he reinstated Mussolini as leader.
Heated battles ensued and it wasn’t until 1945 that Italy was secured by the Allies
Mussolini was shot and hung in Milan Square

30. TUSKEGEE AIRMEN
Among the brave men who fought in Italy were pilots of the all-black 99th squadron – the Tuskegee Airmen
The pilots made numerous effective strikes against Germany and won two distinguished Unit Citations

31. On May 31, 1943, the 99th Squadron, the first group of African-American pilots trained at the Tuskegee Institute, arrived in North Africa

32. ALLIES LIBERATE EUROPE
Allies sent fake coded messages indicating they would attack here
Even as the Allies were battling for Italy, they began plans on a dramatic invasion of France
It was known as “Operation Overlord” and the commander was American General Dwight D. Eisenhower
Also called “D-Day,” the operation involved 3 million U.S. & British troops and was set for June 6, 1944

33. D-Day was an amphibious landing – soldiers going from sea to land
D-DAY JUNE 6, 1944
D-Day was the largest land-sea-air operation in military history
Despite air support, German retaliation was brutal – especially at Omaha Beach
Within a month, the Allies had landed 1 million troops, 567,000 tons of supplies and 170,000 vehicles
D-Day was an amphibious landing – soldiers going from sea to land

34. OMAHA BEACH 6/6/44

35. Landing at Normandy

36. Planes drop paratroopers behind enemy lines at Normandy, France

37. Losses were extremely heavy on D-Day

38. Why is D-Day one of the most remembered moments in war history?
Because the American and British forces worked together
Because the soldiers took Normandy against all odds
Hitler’s troops were most focused at Normandy
D-Day won the war for the Allies 25

39. FRANCE FREED
By September 1944, the Allies had freed France, Belgium and Luxembourg
That good news – and the American’s people’s desire not to “change horses in midstream” – helped elect FDR to an unprecedented 4th term
General George Patton (right) was instrumental in Allies freeing France

40. BATTLE OF THE BULGE
In October 1944, Americans captured their first German town (Aachen)– the Allies were closing in
Hitler responded with one last ditch massive offensive
Hitler hoped breaking through the Allied line would break up Allied supply lines

41. The Battle of the Bulge was Germany’s last gasp
The battle raged for a month – the Germans had been pushed back
Little seemed to have changed, but in fact the Germans had sustained heavy losses
Germany lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and 1,600 planes
From that point on the Nazis could do little but retreat
The Battle of the Bulge was Germany’s last gasp

42. LIBERATION OF DEATH CAMPS
While the British and Americans moved westward into Germany, the Soviets moved eastward into German-controlled Poland
The Soviets discovered many death camps that the Germans had set up within Poland
The Americans also liberated Nazi death camps within Germany

44. ALLIES TAKE BERLIN; HITLER COMMITS SUICIDE
By April 25, 1945, the Soviet army had stormed Berlin
In his underground headquarters in Berlin, Hitler prepared for the end
On April 29, he married his longtime girlfriend Eva Braun then wrote a last note in which he blamed the Jews for starting the war and his generals for losing it
The next day he gave poison to his wife and shot himself

45. V-E DAY
General Eisenhower accepted the unconditional surrender of the Third Reich
On May 8, 1945, the Allies celebrated V-E Day – victory in Europe Day
The war in Europe was finally over

46. Famous picture of an American soldier celebrating the end of the war

47. FDR DIES; TRUMAN PRESIDENT
President Roosevelt did not live to see V-E Day
On April 12, 1945, he suffered a stroke and died– his VP Harry S Truman became the nation’s 33rd president

48. Section Three: Objectives
By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:
1. Identify key turning points in the war in the Pacific
2. Describe the Allied offensive against the Japanese
3. Explain both the development of the Atomic Bomb and debates about its use.
4. Describe the challenges faced by the Allies in building a just and lasting peace.

49. Section Three: The War in the Pacific
Main Idea: In order to defeat Japan and end the war in the Pacific, the United States unleashed a terrible new weapon, the atomic bomb.
Why it Matters Now: Countries of the modern world struggle to find ways to prevent the use of nuclear weapons.
Key Terms:
Douglas MacArthur
Chester Nimitz
Battle of Midway
Kamikaze
Key Terms:
J. Robert Oppenheimer
Hiroshima
Nagasaki
Nuremberg Trials

50. SECTION 3: THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC
The Americans did not celebrate long, as Japan was busy conquering an empire that dwarfed Hitler’s Third Reich
Japan had conquered much of southeast Asia including the Dutch East Indies, Guam, and most of China

51. BATTLE OF THE CORAL SEA
The main Allied forces in the Pacific were Americans and Australians
In May 1942 they succeeded in stopping the Japanese drive toward Australia in the five-day Battle of the Coral Sea

52. THE BATTLE OF MIDWAY
Japan’s next thrust was toward Midway Island – a strategic Island northwest of Hawaii
Admiral Chester Nimitz, the Commander of American Naval forces in the Pacific, moved to defend the Island
The Americans won a decisive victory as their planes destroyed 4 Japanese aircraft carriers and 250 planes

53. The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the war – soon the Allies were island hopping toward Japan

54. KAMIKAZE PILOTS ATTACK ALLIES
The Americans continued leapfrogging across the Pacific toward Japan
Japanese countered by employing a new tactic – Kamikaze (divine wind) attacks
Pilots in small bomb-laden planes would crash into Allied ships
In the Battle for the Philippines, 424 Kamikaze pilots sank 16 ships and damaged 80 more

55. IWO JIMA
General MacArthur and the Allies next turned to the Island of Iwo Jima
The island was critical to the Allies as a base for an attack on Japan
It was called the most heavily defended spot on earth
Allied and Japanese forces suffered heavy casualties
American soldiers plant the flag on the Island of Iwo Jima after their victory

56. THE BATTLE FOR OKINAWA In April 1945, U.S. marines invaded Okinawa
The Japanese unleashed 1,900 Kamikaze attacks sinking 30 ships and killing 5,000 seamen
Okinawa cost the Americans 7,600 marines and the Japanese 110,000 soldiers

57. INVADE JAPAN?
After Okinawa, MacArthur predicted that a Normandy type amphibious invasion of Japan would result in 1,500,000 Allied deaths
President Truman saw only one way to avoid an invasion of Japan . . .
Okinawa
The loss of life at Iwo Jima and Okinawa convinced Allied leaders that an invasion of Japan was not the best idea

58. ATOMIC BOMB DEVELOPED
Japan had a huge army that would defend every inch of the Japanese mainland
So Truman decided to use a powerful new weapon developed by scientists working on the Manhattan Project – the Atomic Bomb

59. U.S. DROPS TWO ATOMIC BOMBS ON JAPAN
Truman warned Japan in late July that without a immediate Japanese surrender, it faced “prompt and utter destruction”
On August 6 (Hiroshima) and August 9 (Nagasaki) a B-29 bomber dropped Atomic Bombs on Japan
The plane and crew that dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan

60. August 6, 1945
HIROSHIMA

61. August 9, 1945 NAGASAKI

62. JAPAN SURRENDERS
Japan surrendered days after the second atomic bomb was dropped
General MacArthur said, “Today the guns are silent. The skies no longer rain death . . .the entire world is quietly at peace.”
At the White House, President Harry Truman announces the Japanese surrender, August 14, 1945

63. (L to R) Churchill, FDR and Stalin at Yalta
In February 1945, as the Allies pushed toward victory in Europe, an ailing FDR met with Churchill and Stalin at the Black Sea resort of Yalta in the USSR
A series of compromises were worked out concerning postwar Europe
THE YALTA CONFERENCE
(L to R) Churchill, FDR and Stalin at Yalta

64. YALTA AGREEMENTS
1) They agreed to divide Germany into 4 occupied zones after the war
2) Stalin agreed to free elections in Eastern Europe
3) Stalin agreed to help the U.S. in the war against Japan and to join the United Nations

65. NUREMBERG WAR TRIALS
Herman Goering, Hitler's right-hand man and chief architect of the German war effort, testifies at his trial. He was found guilty of war crimes but avoided execution by swallowing potassium cyanide.
The discovery of Hitler’s death camps led the Allies to put 24 surviving Nazi leaders on trial for crimes against humanity, crimes against the peace, and war crimes
The trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany
“I was only following orders” was not an acceptable defense as 12 of the 24 were sentenced to death and the others to life in prison

66. THE OCCUPATION OF JAPAN
Japan was occupied by U.S. forces under the command of General MacArthur
During the seven- year occupation, MacArthur reshaped Japan’s economy by introducing free-market practices that led to a remarkable economic recovery
Additionally, he introduced a liberal constitution that to this day is called the MacArthur Constitution

67. Section Four: Objectives
By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:
1. Describe the economic and social changes that reshaped American life during World War II.
2. Summarize both the opportunities and the discrimination African Americans and other minorities experienced during the war.

68. Section Four: The Home Front
Main Idea: After World War II, Americans adjusted to new economic opportunities and harsh social tensions.
Why it Matters Now: Economic opportunities afforded by World War II led to a more diverse middle class in the United States.
Key Terms:
GI Bill of Rights
James Farmer
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Key Terms:
Internment
Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)

69. SECTION 4: THE HOME FRONT
The war provided a lift to the U.S. economy
Jobs were abundant and despite rationing and shortages, people had money to spend
By the end of the war, America was the world’s dominant economic and military power

70. ECONOMIC GAINS
Unemployment fell to only 1.2% by 1944 and wages rose 35%
Farmers too benefited as production doubled and income tripled

71. WOMEN MAKE GAINS
Women enjoyed economic gains during the war, although many lost their jobs after the war
Over 6 million women entered the work force for the first time
Over 1/3 were in the defense industry

72. GI BILL HELPS RETURNING VETS
To help returning servicemen ease back into civilian life, Congress passed the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights)
The act provided education for 7.8 million vets

73. INTERNMENT OF JAPANESE AMERICANS
When the war began, 120,000 Japanese Americans lived in the U.S. – mostly on the West Coast
After Pearl Harbor, many people were suspicious of possible spy activity by Japanese Americans
In 1942, FDR ordered Japanese Americans into 10 relocation centers
Japanese Americans felt the sting of discrimination during WWII

74. U.S. PAYS REPARATIONS TO JAPANESE
In the late 1980s, President Reagan signed into law a bill that provided $20,000 to every Japanese American sent to a relocation camp
The checks were sent out in 1990 along with a note from President Bush saying, “We can never fully right the wrongs of the past we now recognize that serious wrongs were done to Japanese Americans during WWII.”
Today the U.S. is home to more than 1,000,000 Japanese-Americans

75. Nearly 59 years after the end of World War II, the National World War II Memorial was dedicated in Washington, D.C., on Saturday, May 29, 2004 to honor the 408,680 Americans who died in the conflict