1. Vocabulary - 8 Intelligence Intelligence tests
Triarchic theory of intelligence
Componential intelligence
Experiential Intelligence
Multiple Intelligences
Emotional Intelligence
Cultural Bias
Aptitude test
Achievement Test
Binet-Simon Scale
Down Syndrome
Ability*
Aptitude*
Intelligence Quotient
Culture-fair tests
Reliability
Validity
Content Validity
Criterion-related validity
Tacit knowledge
Mental Retardation
Giftedness
Learning Disability
Wechsler Intelligence Scale
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

2. Intelligence & Mental Abilities
Chapter 8

3. Bellringer
Take the next 3 minutes to list some behaviors you associate with the word intelligence.
Sternberg’s research discovered that lay people (us) with no expertise in psychology generally think of intelligence as a mix of practical problem-solving ability, verbal ability, and social competence

4. Questions to Ponder How do you define the term intelligence?
How do psychologists define the term intelligence?
What is IQ and how is it measured?
Why does intelligence matter?

5. Take a few minutes….
Describe the difference between laziness and idleness.
Which direction would you have to face so your right hand would be facing north?
What does obliterate mean?
In what way are hour and week alike?

6. What do you think?
What do you think when you hear the following words:
Aptitude?
Potential ability, predicts an individual’s future achievement
Ability?
Refers to a skill that people already have

7. Theories of Intelligence
Charles Spearman: early 20th century British psychologist
Defined intelligence as a well, or spring, of mental energy that flows through every action
People who were bright in one area were typically bright in others (Is this always true?)
Intelligent person understands things quickly, makes sound decisions, carries on interesting conversations, and tends to behave intelligently in different situations

8. Theories of Intelligence
L. L. Thurstone: American psychologist
Argued that intelligence was comprised of seven distinct mental abilities:
S – Spatial Ability (perceive distance & shapes)
P – Perceptual speed
N – Numerical ability
V – Verbal Learning
M – Memory
W – Word fluency
R – Reasoning
Seven mental abilities were relatively independent of one another
Seven abilities make up general intelligence

9. Theories of Intelligence
R. B. Cattell (1971)
Identified two clusters of mental abilities:
Crystallized Intelligence: reasoning, verbal, & numerical skills
Abilities stressed in school; therefore, affected by formal education
Fluid Intelligence: spatial skills, visual imagery, noticing visual details, & rote memory
Abilities gained from informal education (experience)

10. Theories of Intelligence
Robert Sternberg: (1985) American psychologist (on the video)
Argues that intelligence encompasses a wide variety of skills
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence: intelligence involves:
Componential Intelligence: mental skills
Experiential Intelligence: creative adaptability
Contextual Intelligence: environmental responsiveness

11. Sternberg’s Theory of Intelligence
Triarchic theory
Creative
Analytical
Finding new ways to solve problems and deal with situations
The ability to solve problems
Practical
To help adjust to and cope with one’s environment

12. Applying Sternberg’s Theory
Turn to page 309 to see examples of questions that evaluate experiential & contextual intelligences.
Take a few minutes and answer 1, 4, 8, & 9 on a sheet of paper.

13. Theories of Intelligence
Howard Gardner: (1993) Professor at Harvard University: Multiple Intelligences
Gardner’s Biography
Project Harvard
Argues that intelligence is made up of many separate abilities or multiple intelligences, each of which is relatively independent of the others (What theory does this sound like?)

14. Multiple Intelligences
Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
Linguistic Intelligence
Spatial Intelligence
Musical Intelligence
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
Interpersonal intelligence
Intrapersonal Intelligence
Naturalist Intelligence
(Possibly) Existentialist Intelligence (coming soon)

15. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
Ability to process and compute logical problems and equations
Examples include:
Solving Algebra problems, balance your checkbook, solve logic problems

16. Linguistic Intelligence
Ability to utilize language
Skill at learning, using, and understanding languages

17. Spatial Intelligence
Ability to comprehend shapes and images in three dimension
Putting puzzles together or molding sculptures

18. Musical Intelligence Ability to perform and compose music
Performing and comprehending music
Mozart, Beethoven
3:31

19. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
Ability to perceive and control movement, balance, agility, grace
Sense of how body should act and react in a physically demanding situation

20. Interpersonal intelligence
Ability to interact with and understand others and to interpret their behavior
Gauging other’s moods and motivations

21. Intrapersonal Intelligence
Ability to understand and sense oneself
Skill at using self-esteem, self-enhancement, and strength of character to solve internal problems.

22. Naturalist Intelligence
Ability to identify and classify patterns and relationships in natural surroundings
Skill at distinguishing differences amount large numbers of similar objects

23. Emotional Intelligence
Related to Gardner’s inter- and intrapersonal intelligences
Four Major Aspects:
Ability to perceive and express emotions accurately and appropriately
Ability to use emotions while thinking
Ability to understand emotions and use the knowledge effectively
Ability to regulate one’s emotions to promote personal growth
Linked emotional intelligence with success in the workplace

24. Intelligence Tests
1904, Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon - Parisian school wanted a way to pick out the “slow learners” in order to place them I special classes.
Mental Age v. Chronological Age

25. Intelligence Quotient
Originally computed by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiply by 100
(mental age/chronological age) x 100 = IQ

26. Mental Level v. Mental Age
Why do we think IQ is relatively permanent?
Alfred Binet originally used the term mental level rather than mental age
He thought mental age to be fixed and unchangeable, but mental level as an ordered progression of development
Binet also disliked IQ because he felt it was misleading to represent human intelligence in a single number

27. Levels of Mental Retardation
Mild Retardation (low 50s-70s)
The individual may be able to function adequately in society. The individual is “educable”: S/he can learn academic skills comparable to those of a sixth-grader and can be minimally self-supporting, although requiring special help at times of unusual distress.
Moderate Retardation (Mid 30s-low 50s)
These people profit from vocational training and may be able to travel alone. They can learn on a second-grade level and perform skilled work in a sheltered workshop if provided with supervision and guidance.

28. Levels of Mental Retardation
Severe Retardation (low 20s - mid 30s)
Such people do not learn to talk or practice basic hygiene until after age six. Although they cannot learn vocational skills, simple tasks can be carried out with supervision.
Profound Retardation (Below 25)
Constant care is needed. Usually people in this group have a diagnosed neurological disorder.

29. Wechsler Tests
Wechser-Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (age 6-16), and Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligences (4-6.5)
Gives a more detailed picture of the individual’s strengths and weaknesses than a single IQ score does.

30. Nature v. Nurture
Researchers have found a high degree of heritability (the degree to which a characteristic is related to inherited genetic factors)
Studying identical twins
How do you think environment can effect intelligence? Genetics?

31. More about…. Family size and IQ:
The classical study of family size and IQ was conducted in the Netherlands. It was based on the military examinations of more than 386,000 Dutch people. Researchers found that the brightest children came from the smallest families and had few, if any, brothers and sisters when they were born. Thus, the first-born child in a family of two was usually brighter than the last child in a family of 10.

32. How does Family size affect IQ?
Home environment
Larger families spend less parental time with children, spend more time with other children
Interpersonal skills improve, but (general) intelligence suffers

33. Cultural Bias How does your culture effect your IQ score?
Criticisms of the wording used on tests may be more familiar to people of one social group than to another group
Example:
“What would you do if you were sent to buy a loaf of bread and the grocer said he did not have any more?”
Correct answer: “Go to another store.”
Minority students answered: “Go home.” Why?

34. Larry P. v Riles (1979) P.A.S.E. v Hannon (1980)
Parents of African-American children placed in classes for the mentally retarded based solely on culturally biased IQ tests
One judge ruled IQ tests were biased
One judge ruled IQ tests were valid and nondiscriminatory

35. Cultural Bias
Henry H. Goddard administered psychological tests to immigrants coming into Ellis Island in 1917.
Found the following groups feebleminded:
80% of the Hungarians
79% of the Italians
87% of the Russians
Questions were “What is Crisco?” “Who is Christy Mathewson?” (NY Yankee’s pitcher)
Congress based the restrictive immigration laws of 1924 on the statistics from these culturally biased tests.

36. Dove Counterbalance Intelligence Test
“T-Bone Walker” got famous for playing what?
Trombone
Guitar
Piano
“T-flute”
“Hambone”
Who did “Stagger Lee” kill (in the famous blues legend)?
His mother
Frankie
Johnny
His girlfriend
Billy
What characteristics would a test without cultural bias have?

37. Measuring Intelligence
Aptitude Tests: attempt to discover talents and predict how well a person will be able to learn a new skill
General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)
SAT & ACT, LSAT, MCAT, GRE, MAT
Achievement Tests: measure how much a person has already learned
Final Exams, Comprehensive Exams, AHSGE
Intelligence Tests: measures IQ