1. Thinking Problem solving activities:
There is a small room. There is a window in the room that is open. There is a table in the room. There is broken glass on the floor. There is also water all over the floor. There are two dead bodies on the floor. What happened?
Matchstick problem – give each group 6 match sticks. How would you arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles.
Candle mounting problem: using the materials how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board?

2. Cognition
Cognition – all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
Example: Thinking how to solve the candle problem
Cognitive psychologist – study how we create concepts, solve problems, make decisions and form judgments
Example: Helping a depressed person change their negative thinking
Cognition – all activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating –
Cog. Psych – study these activities including ways we create concepts, solve problems , make decisions and form judgments
Cognitive psychologists are concerned about the ways in which we think.
practical applications for cognitive research, such as improving memory, increasing decision-making accuracy and structuring educational curricula to enhance learning.

3. Our concept of men may include all of the following guys….
What is thought?
Concepts – mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas and people
Example: Animals
Category hierarchies – collection of subordinate categories to a basic category
Example: Birds, Fish, Mammals, Reptiles, etc.
Prototypes – mental image or best example of a category
Example: Prototype of a bird…A robin, of course!
Concepts – mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people (common features)
Category hierarchies – declaritive memories are organized into hierarchies (general to specific)
Ex. Animal has several categories such as bird, fish, which can be divided further – canary, ostrich, shark salmon
Can be concrete or abstract i.e.. Truth or love,
When we use the term Hispanic to refer to a category of people, we are using this word as a(n) concept
By dividing broad concepts into increasingly smaller and detailed subgroupings, we create category hierarchies
Prototypes – best example of a category (robin is closer to bird than a penguin)
In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of prototypes
Prototypes are important to classifying objects
Example:When ________(name) thinks about an Ivy league school she thinks about Harvard
Animal is the category ______________is your prototype. Is
Category Prototype
College Poodle
Sport Cedar Point
Holiday
Mammel (human)
Nurse (female)
Doctor (male)
Have students come up with 2 prototypes and 2 categories and have their partner tell them what is the category or prototype
Students – create a list of the different concepts in the classroom. Narrow down all of the concepts into the simplest concept possible – furniture, shelving, books, electronics, . Form different groups to come up with one class list
But they are based on our prototype (ideal) male…..

4. Concept and Prototype Practice
Respond to the category with the very first example that comes to mind
A bird
A color
A triangle (drawing a picture is fine)
A motor vehicle
A sentence
A hero
A Heroic action
A game
A philosopher
A writer
Provide a category hierarchy for the following concepts
People
Transportation
Animals
Classroom
Holiday

5. Problem Solving Strategies
Types of problem solving strategies
Trial and Error
Algorithms
Heuristics
Insight
Trial and error – trying one thing and then another, until something succeeds
Thomas Edison tried thousands of light bulb filaments before finding one that worked.
Problem solving activity

6. Problem Solving Strategies
Algorithm – step by step procedure that guarantees the right solution to a problem.
Usually by using a formula.
Work, but time consuming
Don’t work – subjective values or too many unknowns
Example – calculating your GPA, PEMDA, finding the combination to a lock by trying every possible combination starting with 0-0-0
Algorithm – logical step by step method for solving a problem
Examples : instructions for building a model airplane, calculate your GPA, figure your gas mileage, division, PEMDA (parenthesis..)
Search for popcorn in the supermarket, you could search every single isle(algorithm), or go to the snack isle (heuristic)
You car doesn’t start so you go through the repair checklist alphabetically to find the problem

7. Problem Solving Strategies
Heuristic - A rule of thumb that generally, but not always, can be used to make a judgment to solve a problem.
Fast, but prone to errors
Doesn’t guarantee a solution
Two types of heuristics
Representative heuristic*
Availability Heuristic*
Examples – “Always stick with your first answer”, “i before e except after c”
Simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgments faster, but prone to errors
Help us solve problems quickly and efficiently
Trying to solve a complicated problem, we most likely turn to heuristic
SimplestTrial and error, Rule of thumb, educated guess, intuitive judgment or common sense
Don’t keep bananas in the frige, if it doesn’t work, see if it’s plugged in

8. Types of Problem solving
Insight – sudden realization of the solution to a problem
Doesn’t involve strategy based solutions
Examples:
Did you hear about the guy whose whole left side was cut off? He's all right now.
Did you see the sign at the drug rehab center? It said keep off the grass
sudden comprehension of a double meaning pun
Kohler’s chimpanzee
Sudden realization to a problem
Comprehension of the double meaning of a pun
Working on a problem for a long time, you finally give up..then the solution to the problem just pops into your head
Kohler placed a piece of fruit and a long stick beyond the chimps reach and short stick in his cage. Tried to reach fruit with short stick, but was unsuccessful. After sudden realization he grabbed the short stick and used it to pull in the long stick, which he then used to reach the fruit. Showed that there was evidence to animal cognition

9. Trial and Error
Trial and error - experimentation or investigation in which various methods or means are tried and faulty ones eliminated in order to find the correct solution

10. Problem Solving Strategies
Give an example using each of the problem solving strategies to
Find granola bars in the Supermarket
Fix your Computer
Build a Bridge
Car doesn’t start

12. When some one mentions hamburgers, Kyle automatically thinks of McDonalds
Prototype
Concept
Phoneme
Heuristic
Algorithm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

13. When we use the word “automobile” to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n)
Algorithm
Heuristic
Prototype
Concept
Insight 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

14. Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems are called
Prototype
Concept
Hierarchy
Algorithm
Heuristic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

15. Unlike the use of algorithms or heuristics, insight does not involve
Cognition
Prototypes
Strategy based solutions
Concepts
Confirmation bias 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

16. The sound kw is only spelled this way qu is an example of
Trial and error
Heuristic
Insight
Algorithm
concept 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

17. Hurdles to problem solving
Mental Set
Fixation
Functional fixedness
Availability Heuristic
Representative Heuristic
Confirmation Bias
Overconfidence
Belief Perseverance
Framing

18. Confirmation Bias
We look for evidence to confirm our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts them.
Example: believes that all Italians are in shape and go tanning, then they turn on MTV…oh its true or is it?
Look…I knew it was true!!!
But is it really?
People have a tendency to search for information that supports their preconceptions
I think that boys cause more trouble than girls in class. In my 6th period, I have a group of boys that I have to constantly watch their behavior, the girls could be texting, passing notes and I would never know.
Watson’s university student’s – rule for (were sure it was counting by 2’s), rule was any 3 ascending numbers.
Bush and WMD in Iraq – sources denying were lying, those confirming provided valuable info
Pearl Harbor – Admiral Kimmel ignored valuable info (incoming plans were our returning pilots, not the Japanese)
Women are bad drivers. Overlook the fact that insurance companies give a bigger discount to females
Scientists are trained to observe and record information that is inconsistent with their hypothesis to reduce confirmation bias

19. Fixation
Fixation - Inability to solve a problem from a new perspective
Examples
1. Matchstick problem
2. Functional Fixedness - The inability to see a new use for an object
Example: when solving the candle-mounting problem, you fail to recognize that the matchbox can have other functions besides holding matches
Fixation - Inability to take a new perspective on a problem
Example : to solve the matchstick problem, you must view it from a different perspective—you must break the fixation of limiting solutions to 2 dimensional
Brainstorming sessions that encourage people to spontaneously suggest new and unusual solutions to a problem are designed to avoid
Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. This best illustrates the effects of fixation on problem solving.
Mental set – tendency to approach a problem with the same mind set that has worked in the past
Functional fixedness – tendency to think of only the familiar functions for objects without imagining alternative uses.
Having a picnic and it starts to rain, you don’t think to use you the plastic tablecloth as a temporary rain shelter

20. Mental Set
Mental set –tendency to approach a problem with the same mind set that has worked in the past
Example: Mr. Gielink so often uses threats to get his children to do chores, he fails to recognize that rewards would be more effective
Mental Set # 1
There are 6 eggs in a basket. Six people take one of the eggs each. How is it that one egg can still be left in the basket?
Mental Set #2
What occurs once in June, twice in August, but never in October?

21. Mental Set # 3
A hunter sees a bear 1 mile due south. He shoots and misses, and the bear runs off. The hunter walks the 1 mile south to where the bear had been, then 1 mile due east, then 1 mile due north—at which point the hunter is standing again at exactly the same spot from which the gun had been fired. What color was the bear?

22. Task #1 – Linda is 31, single, outspoken, and very bright
Task #1 – Linda is 31, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy in college. As a student, she was deeply concerned with discrimination and other social issues, and she participated in antinuclear demonstrations. Which statement is more likely? A) Linda is a bank teller B) Linda is a bank teller and active in the feminist movement.
Suggestive of a performer and thus a trapeze artist, however, the base rate of any of the other options is significantly higher, making it more likely that Rudy is a member of any one of the other occupations.

23. Representativeness Heuristic
Representative Heuristic - Judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to the prototypes the person holds in their mind.
Like thinking everyone at Gilmore is preppy, or someone with glasses is nerdy, or a blonde is not smart…you better not think that!
May lead us to disregard probability info that is relevant to our judgments
Who went to Harvard?
Mr. Rivera is a smart dude, but did not go to Harvard (he looks like he did).
Representativeness Heuristic is our tendency to judge the likelihood of category membership by how closely an object or event resembles a particular prototype.
Person who reads poetry is more likely to be a college classics professor rather than a truck driver (chances of being truck driver are higher)
Someone who is neat, orderly, quiet and shy and likes to read books is a librarian rather than a real estate agent
Forgetful acts of an older person are because of alzeimers
Thinking Matt Smorel is a basketball player because he’s 6’8” instead of baseball player
If I tell you that Sonia Dara is a Sports Illustrated swimsuit model, you would make certain quick judgments (heuristics) about her…like about her interests or intelligence.
She is an economics major at Harvard University.

24. Availability Heuristic
Which place would you be more scared of getting mugged or even murdered?
Availability Heuristic - Judging a situation based on how readily we remember instances of its occurrence
Recent, vivid, or distinct examples in the news often cause an availability heuristic.
Cleveland
29.14 Crime index v (New York is in the top 5 safest cities)
Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called the availability heuristic
Remember the memorable instead of the unmemorable
Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done.
A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. White's perception of the extensiveness of world hunger than did a statistical chart summarizing the tremendous scope of the problem. This suggests that his assessment of the world hunger problem is influenced by availability heuristic
By encouraging people to imagine their homes being destroyed by a fire, insurance salespeople are especially successful at selling large homeowners' policies.
Many people overestimate how long they actually remain awake during restless nights because their moments of wakefulness are easier to recall than their moments of sleep.
Noticing the publicity on abducted children, a parent won’t let a child walk across the street to a friends
9/11 led people to incorrectly inflate the risk of air travel
9/11 led people to incorrectly estimate the # of middle easterners that are terrorists
Example: The crime rate of Cleveland is MUCH higher than the New York. But when you think of crime, which town comes to mind?
New York, NY

25. Availability Heuristic
Readily available images cause us to fear extremely rare events
Example: We fear swimming in water because we replay JAWS in our heads
Leads us to forget about probability
Fear immediate rather than future
Each one of my children do way more of the chores than anyone else (how’s that possible)…it’s easier for them to recall what they have personally done, than what anyone else has done.
We frear risks that are immediate rather than in the future (an airlplane ride vs. dying of smoking)
Carjackings vs. wearing seatbelt

26. Overconfidence
Overconfidence – tendency overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgment
Example:
Freshman who say they will never gain the “Freshman 15”
Underestimating how long it will take you to do your vocab
Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average
You think you got an “A” on the AP psych exam and you end up getting a C
Underestimate how long it will take you to complete the memory book
An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called belief perseverance
People believing that Joe Paterno had no responsibility in the Penn State scandle even after he was fired from his job
Encouraging people to elaborate on why their own personal views on an issue are correct is most likely to promote belief perseverance
Very difficult to get someone to change his or her unrealistically negative self –image = belief perseverance
People with opposing views of capital punishment reviewed mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness as a crime deterrent. As a result, their opposing views differed more strongly than ever.
Very thin, but believe too fat
Best advice to avoid belief persistence is to consider the opposite
Why its important to have a good 1st impression

27. Belief Perseverance
Belief Perseverance – sticking with our beliefs even after they’ve been discredited
Elaborating on your own personal views can contribute to belief perseverance
To eliminate – consider the opposite
Example: Cleveland Browns fans who continue to believe the Brownies will win a title

28. Intuition
Intuition – Automatic, immediate feeling or thought (gut feel)
Valuable – quick decisions, but can cause irrational decision
Opposite of conscious reasoning our automatic feelings/thoughts are intuition
Can hinder rationality, but valuable bcs facilitates quick decisions.
Reactions to others may be influenced by intuition. Someone else looks like someone who hurt us in the past

29. Framing Examples: Framing – The way an issue is posed.
90% of the population will be saved with this medication…..or 10% of the population will die despite this medication.
You should not drink more than two drinks per day….or You should not drink more than 730 drinks a year.
20 percent chance of rain or an 80% chance that it won’t rain
Framing – The way an issue is posed.
can drastically effect the way we view it.
Way in which a problem is worded or phrased
Political polesters who want to present a particular point of view are likely to use framing effects
People told that a chemical in the air is projected to kill 10 out of every 10 million people feel more frightened than if told the fatality risk is
A television advertisement for lotion claims that it is made of 75 percent organic materials, not that it contains 25 percent artificial ingredients.
Ojinska sold many more raffle tickets when she told potential buyers they had a 10 percent chance of winning a prize than when she told them they had a 90 percent chance of not winning.
On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain, so Sheryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80 percent chance that it would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella at home
A $100 coat marked down from $150 can seem like a better deal than the same coat priced regularly at $100
Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as “75 percent lean” than to ground beef described as “25 percent fat.”
Companies are being encouraged to enroll their employees in a 401(k) plan automatically while allowing them to choose to raise their take-home pay by “opting out” of the plan. The previous plan had asked employees to “opt-in” to participate in the plan. Under the “opt-out” rather than “opt-in” system, enrollments in 401(k) plans soared.

30. Obstacles to Problem Solving
You are the commissioner of a state lottery system that sponsors daily and weekly drawings. Lottery tickets have not been selling well over the past few months. Describe two ways you could take advantage of the power of the availability heuristic and framing to boost sales.
Students should describe how they could increase the chances that people will remember someone winning a large lottery prize (e.g., they could film commercials showing someone accepting a lottery prize). This might result in more people entering the lottery because the memory of someone winning is more available in their memory (availability heuristic). The commissioner of the lottery system could also frame the advertising wording in a way that will encourage people to buy lottery tickets. For example, an ad that says, “Someone is guaranteed to win every month!” is more likely to encourage sales than an advertisement such as, “Each person has a one in 1.2 million chance of winning!”

31. Solving Problems
Creativity – the ability to create novel and valuable ideas
Little correlation between creativity and intelligence.
Example : Eiffel Tower, Ferris Wheel,
Convergent Thinking – generating a single correct answer (parietal lobe)
Example: AP Psych Exam
Divergent Thinking – generating multiple possible answers to a problem (frontal lobe)
Example: Uses for a paper clip
Divergent – write down as many words as you can that start with the letter D
How many uses for a paper clip
Intrinsic motivation is an important component
Convergent – solution to a long division problem

32. Creativity Strernberg’s five components Expertise
Imaginative thinking skills
A venturesome personality
Intrinsic motivation
Overjustification Effect – when extrinsically motivated to do something that you are already intrinsically motivated to do, you lose interest in the task
A creative environment
Whenever Arlo reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance.
Most creative people are those who are intrinsically motivated.

33. Creativity
Your friend complains, “I wish I could be more creative, but I don't think there's anything I can do about it.” Use the components of creativity described by Robert Sternberg to advise your friend about at least two of the behaviors associated with increased creativity.
Expertise (increasing expertise through extensive practice in an area is associated with increased creativity), imaginative thinking skills (thinking about situations in novel ways), a venturesome personality (outgoingness is associated with creativity), intrinsic motivation (working on tasks that are intrinsically rewarding), and a creative environment (immersing oneself in a context in which creativity is encouraged by others).

34. The Representative heuristic The Confirmation bias
Kevin so frequently uses threats to get his children to help with household chores that he fails to recognize that using rewards would be more effective in gaining their cooperation. Kevin's shortsightedness best illustrates
The Representative heuristic
The Confirmation bias
The Availability heuristic
The Framing Effect
A fixation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

35. Representative Heuristic Functional fixedness Framing effect
Business managers are more likely to track the career achievements of those they once hired than the accomplishments of those they once rejected. This best illustrates
Representative Heuristic
Functional fixedness
Framing effect
Confirmation Bias
Belief Bias 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

36. Representative heuristic Belief perseverance Framing effect
A single, memorable case of welfare fraud has a greater impact on estimates of the frequency of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by the
Confirmation bias
Representative heuristic
Belief perseverance
Framing effect
Availability heuristic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

37. The availability heuristic Confirmation bias The framing effect
The tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics than a truck driver illustrates the use of
The availability heuristic
Confirmation bias
The framing effect
Belief perseverance
The representative heuristic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

38. Generating the single correct answer to an intelligence test question illustrates
Factor analysis
Convergent thinking
Divergent thinking
Confirmation Bias
Heuristic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

39. Language
Language – our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

40. Language can be…..

41. Language Structure
Phonemes
Morphemes
Grammar
Semantics
Syntax

42. All languages contain….
Phonemes
Morphemes
The smallest units of sound in a language.
English has about 44 phonemes.
The smallest unit of meaningful sound.
Examples :
Can be words like a or but.
prefixes or suffixes…”ed” at the end of a word means past tense
How many phonemes in cats?
How many morphemes in cats?
Example: How many phonemes does platypus have?

43. How many phonemes and morphemes?
Rich
Hat  
Knock  
Bring   
Through 
Strict
Stretch
Bats
Called
Nightly
Luck, lucky, unlucky
Coolness
Zebras
Defroster

44. Language Structure Grammar: The rules of a language.
Example: Subject/verb agreement - singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb.
Semantics - rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.
Examples:
Arms race means weapons race, not body parts race
Stalk (celery or follow?)
ed on the end of a word makes it past tense
Syntax: the order of words in a language.
Adjectives come before nouns
Is this the White House or the House White?

45. Language Acquisition Receptive language Productive language
Ability to comprehend speech
Begins 4 months
Can read lips
7 mo. Can segment spoken sounds into individual words
Can listen to an unfamiliar language
Productive language
Ability to produce words with meaning
Starts around 4 months of age with babbling

46. Language Acquisition Stages that we learn language… Babbling Stage
make speech sounds both in and out of native language
First able to discriminate speech sounds
Example: Ba da ta
Holophrastic Stage/one word stage
Productive language begins (speaking meaningful words)
Receptive language (comprehension of meaning)
Example: Momma, dada, dog
Telegraphic Stage/two word stage
Grammatically correct 2 word saying
Contains mostly nouns and verbs
Follows rules of syntax
Example: Want juice
Overgeneralization - extending the application of a rule to items that are excluded from it in the language norm,
Example: Mommy holded the baby
4. Speaking in Complete Sentences

47. How many morphemes are in the word footballs1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

48. How many phonemes are in the word football4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

49. The ability to comprehend the meaning of speech is called
Productive speech
Receptive speech
Syntax
Semantics
Grammar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

50. How do we learn language?
Behaviorist Theory
Nativist Theory

51. Behaviorist Theory B.F. Skinner Association – sights and sounds
Imitation – modeling others
Reinforcement- by smiles and hugs

52. Chomsky’s Theory Inborn Universal Grammar
Universal language acquisition device – In born (innate)readiness to learn grammatical rules
The stages of language development occur at about the same ages in most children, even though different children experience very different environments.
Universal grammar – common grammatical building blocks that all languages share (inborn).
Children use nouns first before they learn verbs or adjectives
All languages have nouns and verbs, subjects and objects, negations and questions
If there is a word purple in a language it will also have a word for red

53. Overgeneralization
Overgeneralization - Applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms
Supports Chomsky’s Universal Grammar
Example: “I goed to the store to get cookies”, “I rided my bike”

54. Statistical Learning and Critical Periods
Statistical Learning – discerning word breaks, analyzing which syllables most often go together
Infants up to the age of 10 months can do this, after that they become functionally deaf to other languages
Critical Period – sensitive period for mastering certain aspects of language
Children not exposed to language by age 7 gradually lose ability to master any language
Learning a language as an adult you will always speak with an accent
Most easily master language as a child

55. Your little sister says: “Taked cupcake
Your little sister says: “Taked cupcake!” Explain how this utterance may illustrate the following language concepts: phoneme, morpheme, telegraphic speech, language acquisition device.

56. Whorf’s Linguistic Determination Hypothesis
The idea that language determines the way we think.
The Hopi tribe has no past tense in their language, so Whorf says they rarely think of the past.
Underestimates how much thinking occurs without language
Language and Words shape the way people think
English = self-focused emotions (anger) Japanese = interpersonal emotions
The isolated Piraha tribespeople of Brazil have no words for specific numbers higher than 2. If shown seven nuts in a row they find it difficult to lay out the same number from their own pile of nuts.
If our capacity to form concepts depends on our verbal memory, this would best illustrate linguistic determinism
It has been suggested that Alaskan Eskimos' rich vocabulary for describing snow enables them to perceive differences in snow conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed
Six-month-old Ohmar recognizes the difference between squares and circles just as accurately as his 3-year-old brother, who can correctly name the different shapes – challenges linguistic determination
Leland's language does not distinguish between “family love” and “romantic love,” so he has difficulty realizing that he deeply loves his sister.
Bilingual children, who inhibit one language while using the other, can better inhibit their attention to irrelevant information.

57. Thinking and Language Bilingual advantage Thinking and images
Thinking affects language, which then affects our thoughts.

58. Language acquisition device Linguistic relativity
Chomsky's theory of language development suggests that children have an inborn
Prototype
Category hierarchy
Concept
Language acquisition device
Linguistic relativity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

59. Inborn universal grammar Statistical linguistics
Leland's language does not distinguish between “family love” and “romantic love,” so he has difficulty realizing that he deeply loves his sister. Which of the following is most relevant to Leland's difficulty?
Critical periods
Telegraphic speech
Inborn universal grammar
Statistical linguistics
The linguistic determinism hypothesis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27