1. AP Psychology Neuroscience Unit Unit II
Phrenology: an incorrect theory about the head!
Bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and character traits ap

2. We start at the smallest aspect of neuroscience:
We start at the smallest aspect of neuroscience:
The nerve cell
*The nerve cell is the key to all communication in the nervous system
*Signals everything to happen, yet they do not touch each other
*Billions of nerve cells ap

3. Key Words: Action potential Polarization vs. Depolarization
Refractory Period ap

4. Think: refractory period
Helpful analogy:
Toilet bowl vs. nerve cell communication…
Think: refractory period ap

5. ap

6. Basic Neurotransmitters to know:
Basic Neurotransmitters to know:
Acetylcholine (ACH)…starts muscles, excitatory transmitter, released during REM also…linked to learning and memory
Dopamine: helps control muscle movement…opens pleasure pathways, too much: schizophrenia, linked to Parkinson’s and ADHD
Endorphins: a group of neurotransmitters that help relieve pain and give one a sense of well-being…natural form of morphine
Serotonin: linked to mood, sleep, hunger and disorders (e.g. too much=anxiety)….dominance? ap ap

7. Table 2.1 Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishersap

8. ap

9. Chemical interaction in the nervous systemap

10. The work of sensory, interneurons and motor neurons
Figure 2.9 A simple reflex Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

11. http://www. npr. org/player/v2/mediaPlayer. html ap

12. Note opportunity:
Review the process of nerve cell communication….which part of the cell is first?
Last? ap

13. The organization of the nervous system…
Figure 2.7 The functional divisions of the human nervous system Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

14. The biology of “Fight or Flight”ap

15. Note opportunity: State in your own words the function of the :
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system ap

16. GLANDULAR SYSTEM and COMMUNICATION
The endocrine system
    
    Endocrine System: Very slow, some messages stay longer
a.       HORMONES: Literally means: “to activate” they move through the bloodstream, they have specific structure or shape for each specific hormone.
b.      GLANDS: Produce hormones 
*** EVERYTHING works TOGETHER with the brain ***  All glands and chemicals that are produced that are taken together are called the endocrine system
c. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: glands and hormones   ap

17. Figure The endocrine system Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

18. Brain Anatomy
We will start with the most basic in function, and first in development and end with the most ‘modern’ part of the brain, the cortex. This is also the most complex processing center. ap

19. HOW DO WE KNOW THAT WE KNOW ABOUT THE BRAIN?
  CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Following and recording people with brain disorders and diseases, helps with figuring out what parts control what.
A. MANIPULATING THE BRAIN: Purposefully destroying or putting a lesion in the brain and watching the results [only done in animals]
B.      RECORDING THE BRAIN’S ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY: EEG, or electroencephalogram tracing the electricity in the brain as it responds to a stimulus
C.     BRAIN IMAGING TECHNIQUES:
1.       CT Scan: [computed Tomography] an x=ray of the brain
2.       PET Scan: [positron emission Tomography the brain is more active by showing the intensity of fuel burning [glucose]]
3.       MRI Scan: [magnetic resonance imaging] a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue: allows us to see structures in the brain ap

20. EEG ap

21. The PET scan ap

22. Figure 2.15 Brain reading Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishersap

23. Figure MRI scan of a healthy individual (left) and a person with schizophrenia (right) Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

24. Survival functions…
Figure The brainstem and thalamus ap

25. Figure The brain’s organ of agility Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

26. Next…emotional development and response…more survival structures too
Figure The limbic system Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

27. Figure 2.19 The amygdale Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishersap

28. Figure 2.20 The hypothalamus Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishersap

29. Figure Rat with an implanted electrode Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

30. Figure Ratbot on a pleasure cruise Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

31. Figure Brain structures and their functions Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

32. Note opportunity: How are the areas of the cortex and the areas of the lower/brainstem different?ap

33. Why are we smarter? ap

34. The cortex, or ‘neocortex’, or cerebral cortex…
The cortex, or ‘neocortex’, or cerebral cortex….divisions for the human brain.
Figure The cortex and its basic subdivisions Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

35. More fun stuff on this later…
Our brain is divided into two halves, or hemispheres and connected by the corpus collosum
Left
Right
More fun stuff on this later… ap

36. The structure of the cortex is ‘wrinkly’
In addition to neurons:
Glial cells: support nourish and protect neurons ap

37. a. Primary motor function [locate MOTOR STRIP on diagram]
  FRONTAL LOBE
a.  Primary motor function [locate MOTOR STRIP on diagram]
b. Homunculus [electrical stimulation, muscle movement contra laterally]
c.  Front association area [FAA]  [Judgment and decisions are made here]
d.      Broca’s speech area ap

38. Notice anything interesting? Correlation to function/sensitivity?
Figure Left hemisphere tissue devoted to each body part in the motor cortex and the sensory cortex Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

39. One of neuroscience’s most famous case studies…damage to the FAA altered his personality and emotional control
Figure Phineas Gage reconsidered Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

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41. Parietal Lobe a. Primary somatic sensory center [sensation]
b. Receives input from muscles and joint receptors and skin receptors, [touch, texture, pressure, etc…] pain receptors [Sensory Strip]
c. The electrical stimulation is similar to the primary motor cortex ap

42. Occipital Lobe
a.  Primary vision center- goes here first, then on to other parts of the brain (32)
b.      Interprets all incoming visual information
IMAGE  RETINA  OPTIC NERVE  PRIMARY VISION CENTER
c.       Things in your RIGHT field of vision are interpreted in the LEFT side of your brain and things in your LEFT field of vision are interpreted in the RIGHT side of your brain ap

43. Figure New technology shows the brain in action Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

44. Major processing center for hearing
Temporal Lobe
Major processing center for hearing
Interprets some emotional responses (amygdala is underneath)
Contains second speech area:
Wernicke’s area: crucial for comprehension of language
Case studies: (Case Western) and discussion…how would your speech be impacted if you had a lesion (destroyed tissue) in either speech area?
*aphasia ? ap

45. Figure The visual cortex and auditory cortex Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

46. Association areas, ‘talk’ to other areas of the brain…very important
Association areas, ‘talk’ to other areas of the brain…very important. One of the human brain’s most important areas is the Frontal Association Area (which we discussed with Phineas…
Figure Areas of the cortex in four mammals Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

47. Figure Specialization and integration in language Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

48. Figure Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

49. An amazing case study…
Figure Brain plasticity Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

50. Hemispheres and Split Brain Phenomena Whole brain works on all tasks
However, there are specialties on both side
Tasks of Your Hemispheres
Left Right
1.  Speech Art
2.  Language Music
3. Logic Emotions
4. Writing Creativity
Fun activities: hem/dom test and bead challenge ap

51. Figure The corpus callosum Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

52. ap

53. Figure Testing the divided brain Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

54.
savant and right
Joe
This is Joe ;) ap

55. Figure The disappearing southpaws Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

56. Figure The southpaw’s hazardous life Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers ap

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