1. Discounted Cash Flow Valuation
Chapter 5
Discounted Cash Flow Valuation

2. Key Concepts and Skills
Know how to compute the future value of multiple cash flows
Know how to compute the present value of multiple cash flows
Know how to compute loan payments
Know how to find the interest rate on a loan
Know how loans are amortized
Understand how interest rates are quoted

3. Chapter Outline Future and Present Values of Multiple Cash Flows
Annuities and Perpetuities
Comparing interest rates: The Effect of Compounding
Loan Types and Loan Amortization

4. Multiple Cash Flows – FV Example 1
Suppose you invest $500 in a mutual fund today and $600 in one year. If the fund pays 9% annually, how much will you have in two years?
-500 PV 9i 2N Compute FV
-600 PV 9i 1N Compute FV
Add

5. Multiple Cash Flows – FV Example 2
You deposit $100 into an account in one year and $300 into the account in 3 years earning 8% interest. How much will you have in five years?
-100PV 8i 4N Compute FV
-300PV 8i 2N Compute FV
Add

6. Example 2 Timeline 1 2 3 4 5
100
300
136.05
349.92
485.97

7. Multiple Cash Flows - PV Example 1
An investment will pay you $200 in one year, $400 in two years, $600 the next year, and $800 at the end of the next year.
You can earn 12% on similar investments. How much would you pay for this one?
200FV 12i 1N Compute PV
Repeat for years 2, 3, and 4 adjusting the N number for the number of years
Answer: $1,432.93

8. Example 1 Timeline 1 2 3 4
200
400
600
800
178.57
318.88
427.07
508.41
1,432.93

9. Multiple Cash Flows – PV Example 3
You are considering an investment that will pay you $1,000 in one year, $2,000 in two years and $3,000 in three years. If you want to earn 10% on your money, how much would you be willing to pay?
1000 FV 10i 1N Compute PV
2000 FV 10i 2N Compute PV ,652.89
3000 FV 10i 3N Compute PV ,253.94
PV = , , = 4,815.92
Calculator:
N = 1; I/Y = 10; FV = 1,000; CPT PV =
N = 2; I/Y = 10; FV = 2,000; CPT PV = -1,652.89
N = 3; I/Y = 10; FV = 3,000; CPT PV = -2,253.94

10. Caveat Emptor!
A stockbroker calls you and tells you that he has a great investment opportunity. If you invest $100 today, you will receive $40 in one year and $75 in two years. If you require a 15% return on investments of this risk, should you take the investment?
How do we solve this?
You can also use this as an introduction to NPV by having the students put –100 in for CF0. When they compute the NPV, they will get – You can then discuss the NPV rule and point out that a negative NPV means that you do not earn your required return. You should also remind them that the sign convention on the regular TVM keys is NOT the same as getting a negative NPV.

11. Bad Broker Advice! 40FV 1N 15i Compute PV 75FV 2N 15i Compute PV
= 91.49
You do not make the investment because in Management 133 you learned how to evaluate an investment!
Broker

12. Annuities and Perpetuities
Annuity – a pattern of equal payments that occur at regular intervals
Ordinary Annuity: when the first payment occurs at the end of the period
Annuity Due: when the first payment occurs at the beginning of the period
Remember your ABCs
A B C D: Annuity Due occurs at the Beginning
Perpetuity – infinite series of equal payments

13. Annuities and the Calculator
You can use the PMT key on the calculator for the equal payment
The sign convention still holds
Ordinary annuity versus annuity due
You can switch your calculator between the two types by using the 2nd BGN 2nd Set on the TI BA-II Plus
If you see “BGN” or “Begin” in the display of your calculator, you have it set for an annuity due
Most problems are ordinary annuities
Other calculators also have a key that allows you to switch between Beg/End.

14. Annuity – Lottery Example
Congratulations! You won $10 million in the lottery. The money is paid in equal annual installments of $333, over 30 years. If the discount rate is 5%, how much is the sweepstakes actually worth today?
PV = 333,333.33[1 – 1/1.0530] / .05 = 5,124,150.29
333,333.33PMT 5i 30N Compute PV
Calculator:
30 N; 5 I/Y; 333, PMT; CPT PV = 5,124,150.29

15. Annuity vs. Annuity Due
Suppose an annuity due has five payments of $400 each with a 10% discount rate. Compute the PV of an ordinary annuity and the annuity due.
Ordinary:
400PMT 4N 10i Compute PV ,267.95
Annuity Due:
400PMT 5N 10i Compute PV ,667.95
Hint: Be sure to adjust calculator for an annuity due (begin)

16. Calculating a payment
You want to borrow $20,000 for a new car. You qualify for a four-year loan at 8% per year, compounded monthly. What is your car payment?
Try it!

17. Calculating a payment -20,000PV .66667i (8%/12) 48N (4 years x 12)
Compute PMT
Answer:

18. Finding the Number of Payments Credit Card Debt
You charged $1000 on your credit card for spring break. You can only afford to make the minimum payment of $20/month. The interest rate is 1.5%/month.
How long will it take to pay for spring break?
Try it!

19. Credit Card Debt Solution
1000 PV
-20 PMT
1.5 i
Compute N
Answer:
93.11 what? How does that translate to years?

20. Finding the Number of Payments For a Personal Loan
You borrow $2000 from a friend at 5% interest rate. You agree to make annual payments of $
How long will it take you to pay off the loan?
Try it!

21. Finding the Number of Payments – Another Example
The hard way to solve this problem!
2000 = (1 – 1/1.05t) / .05
= 1 – 1/1.05t
1/1.05t =
= 1.05t
t = ln( ) / ln(1.05)
Sign convention matters!!!
5 I/Y
2,000 PV
PMT
CPT N = 3 years

22. The Easy Solution Using Your Financial Calculator!
2000PV
PMT 5i
Compute N
Answer: Three years

23. Finding the Rate
Suppose you borrow $10,000 from your rich uncle for a trip to Hawaii! You agree to pay $ per month for 60 months. What is the monthly interest rate?
Sign convention matters!!!
60 N
10,000 PV
PMT
CPT I/Y
Answer: .75 per month
The next slide talks about how to do this without a financial calculator.

24. Future Values for Annuities
You decide you want to retire at 40, so you begin saving for your retirement by depositing $2,000 per year in an IRA.
If the interest rate is 7.5%, how much will you have in 40 years?
Which annuity will have produce the most amount of money for retirement, an Ordinary Annuity or an Annuity Due?
FV = 2,000( – 1)/.075 = 454,513.04
Remember the sign convention!!!
40 N
7.5 I/Y
-2,000 PMT
CPT FV = 454,513.04

25. Annuity Solution FV(Ordinary) = 454,513.04 FV(Due) = 488,601.52
2000 PMT 7.5i 40N Compute FV
Change calculator to BEGIN mode for Annuity Due
All things being equal, the annuity due will always have the higher dollar amount because the money has a longer time to compound.
Remember, the greatest law in the universe is the law of compound interest!

26. Perpetuity
A perpetuity is a annuity with an infinite life, making continual annual payments
Perpetuity formula: PV = C/r
C = Cash flow
r = return
A perpetual cash flow of $500 with an 8% return
would be computed as:
PV = C/r = $500/.08 = $6,250

27. Effective Annual Rate (EAR)
This is the actual or true interest rate paid or earned (received).
The effective rate reflects the impact of compounding frequency.
If you want to compare two alternative investments with different compounding periods you must compute the EAR and use that for comparison.
Where m is the number of compounding periods per year
Using the calculator:
The TI BA-II Plus has an I conversion key that allows for easy conversion between quoted rates and effective rates.
2nd I Conv NOM is the quoted rate, ENTER up arrow to C/Y (compounding periods per year), ENTER up arrow to EFF (the effective rate) and then CPT (compute). You can compute either the NOM or the EFF by entering the other two pieces of information, then going to the one you wish to compute and pressing CPT.

28. Annual Percentage Rate
This is the annual (nominal) rate that must be disclosed to consumers on credit cards and on other loans as a result of “truth in lending” laws.
By definition APR = period rate times the number of periods per year
Consequently, to get the period rate we rearrange the APR equation:
Period rate = APR / number of periods per year

29. Computing APRs What is the APR if the monthly rate is .5%?
.5(12) = 6%
What is the APR if the semiannual rate is .5%?
.5(2) = 1%
What is the monthly rate if the APR is 12% with monthly compounding?
12 / 12 = 1%
Can you divide the above APR by 2 to get the semiannual rate? NO!!! You need an APR based on semiannual compounding to find the semiannual rate.

30. Things to Remember
You ALWAYS need to make sure that the interest rate and the time period match.
If you are looking at annual periods, you need an annual rate.
If you are looking at monthly periods, you need a monthly rate.
If you have an APR based on monthly compounding, you have to use monthly periods for lump sums, or adjust the interest rate appropriately if you have payments other than monthly

31. Computing EARs - Example
Suppose you can earn 1% per month on $1 invested today.
What is the APR? 1(12) = 12%
How much are you effectively earning?
FV = -1PV 1i 12N Compute FV =
Rate = 12.68%
Suppose if you put it in another account, you earn 3% per quarter.
What is the APR? 3(4) = 12%
-1PV 3i 4N Compute FV =
Rate = 12.55%
Point out that the APR is the same in either case, but your effective rate is different. Ask them which account they should use.

32. Compounding Comparison
You are looking at two savings accounts. One pays 5.25%, with daily compounding. The other pays 5.3% with semiannual compounding. Which account should you use?
First account calculator sequence:
5.25 shift NOM%, 365 shift P/YR, shift EFF% =
Second account calculator sequence:
5.3 shift NOM%, 2 shift P/YR, shift EFF% =
Which account should you choose and why?
Remind students that rates are quoted on an annual basis. The given numbers are APRs, not daily or semiannual rates.
Calculator:
2nd I conv 5.25 NOM ENTER up arrow, 365 C/Y ENTER up arrow, CPT EFF = 5.39%
5.3 NOM ENTER up arrow, 2 C/Y ENTER up arrow, CPT EFF = 5.37%

33. Computing Payments with APRs
Suppose you want to buy Plasma TV that costs $3500 and the store is willing to allow you to make monthly payments. The loan period is for 2 years and the interest rate is 16.9% with monthly compounding. What is your monthly payment?
Monthly rate = 16.9 / 12 i
Number of months = 2(12) = 24 N
-3500 PV
Compute pmt
2(12) = 24 N; 16.9 / 12 = I/Y; 3500 PV; CPT PMT =

34. Future Values with Monthly Compounding
Suppose you deposit $50 per month into an account that has an APR of 9%, based on monthly compounding. How much will you have in the account in 35 years?
Monthly rate = 9/12 i
Number of months = 35(12) = 420N
-50 PMT
Compute FV 147,089.22
35(12) = 420 N
9 / 12 = .75 I/Y
50 PMT
CPT FV = 147,089.22

35. Present Value with Daily Compounding
You need $15,000 in 3 years for a new car. If you can deposit money into an account that pays an APR of 5.5% based on daily compounding, how much would you need to deposit?
Number of days = 3(365) = 1095N
Daily rate = 5.5 / 365i
15,000FV
Compute PV 12,718.56
3(365) = 1095 N
5.5 / 365 = I/Y
15,000 FV
CPT PV = -12,718.56

36. Quick Quiz: Part 5 What is the definition of an APR?
What is the effective annual rate?
Which rate should you use to compare alternative investments or loans?
Which rate do you need to use in the time value of money calculations?
APR = period rate * # of compounding periods per year
EAR is the rate we earn (or pay) after we account for compounding
We should use the EAR to compare alternatives
We need the period rate and we have to use the APR to get it

37. Discount Loans – Example
Treasury bills are examples of pure discount loans. The principal amount is repaid at some future date, without any periodic interest payments.
If a T-bill promises to repay $10,000 in 12 months and the market interest rate is 7 percent, how much will the bill sell for in the market?
10,000FV 7i 1N
Compute PV = 9,345.79
Remind students that the value of an investment is the present value of expected future cash flows.
1 N; 10,000 FV; 7 I/Y; CPT PV = -9,345.79

38. Interest-Only Loan - Example
Consider a 5-year, interest only loan with a 7% interest rate. The principal amount is $10,000. Interest is paid annually.
What would the stream of cash flows be?
Years 1 – 4: Interest payments of .07(10,000) = 700
Year 5: Interest + principal = 10,700

39. Amortized Loan with Fixed Payment - Example
Each payment covers the interest expense plus reduces principal
Consider a 4-year loan with annual payments. The interest rate is 8% and the principal amount is $5000.
What is the annual payment?
-5000 PV 4N 8i
COMPUTE PMT = 1,509.60
4 N
8 I/Y
5,000 PV
CPT PMT = -1,509.60

40. Quick Quiz
What is a pure discount loan? What is a good example of a pure discount loan?
What is an interest-only loan? What is a good example of an interest-only loan?
What is an amortized loan? What is a good example of an amortized loan?

41. End of Chapter 5!