1. Energy Relationships 1. Photosynthesis: Chloroplast: energy from the sun convert inorganic compounds to organic compounds.
2. Respiration: mitochondria: convert energy from organic compounds to form compounds more easily used by the cell (ATP)
Biochemical pathways: a series of reactions in which the product of one reaction is consumed in the next reaction.
ex. photosynthesis

2. Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
Make own food from organic compounds
Examples: green plants and algae
Cannot make their own organic compounds
Examples: bacteria and humans

3. all life depends on the sun
***all life depends on the sun*** autotrophs use CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water) to make glucose giving off O2 heterotrophs use C6H12O6 (glucose) and O2 (oxygen) giving off CO2 and H2O materials are constantly recycling energy not recycled; must be supplied constantly

9. 1. What is photosynthesis? 2. Where does photosynthesis occur?
Photosynthesis Worksheet (read and answer)
Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis is a process in which sunlight energy is used to make glucose. The site of photosynthesis is in the chloroplast – a organelle found in the leaves of green plants. The main functions of chloroplasts are to produce food (glucose) during photosynthesis, and to store food energy. Chloroplasts contain the pigment, chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs most of the colors in the color spectrum, and reflects only green and yellow wavelengths of light. This is why we see leaves as green or yellow – because these colors are reflected into our eyes.
1. What is photosynthesis?
2. Where does photosynthesis occur?
3. What are chloroplasts and where are they found?
4. What are the two main functions of chloroplasts?
5. Why doe most leaves appear green?
6. What is the primary pigment found in the chloroplast?

10. 7. What is the formula for photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis
Glucose is another name for sugar. The molecular formula for glucose in C6H12O6. Plants make sugar by using the energy from sunlight to transform CO2 from the air with water from the ground into glucose. This process, called photosynthesis, occurs in the chloroplast of the plant cell. During this process, oxygen (O2) is created as a waste product and is released into the air for us to breath. The formula for photosynthesis is:
CO2 + H2O + sunlight ---- C6H12O6 + O2
This formula says that carbon dioxide and water molecules are combined with the energy from sunlight to produce sugar and oxygen. The reactants in photosynthesis (what is used) are CO2, water and sun. The plant gets water from the ground through its roots. The plant collects carbon dioxide from the air. Much of the carbon dioxide comes from living organisms that exhale it, but some also comes from factory smokestacks and car fumes.
7. What is the formula for photosynthesis?
8. What three things are used to make glucose in photosynthesis?
9. Where does the water come from?
10. Where does the water enter the plant?
11. What are some sources of CO2?
12. What type of energy does the plant use to convert CO2 and
H2O into sugar?

11. 13. What is produced in photosynthesis?
The products (what is made) are glucose and oxygen. The glucose produced is used by the plant for energy and growth. We also use this glucose by eating plants. The oxygen produced is released into the air for us to breath. Photosynthesis is essential for all life on earth, because it provides food and oxygen.
13. What is produced in photosynthesis?
14. What is the glucose used for?
15. What is the oxygen used for?

12. Photosynthesis I. Capturing the Energy in Light   Photosynthesis summary equation: 6CO H2O + light  C6H12O O2 carbon dioxide water glucose oxygen  

13. II. Phases (controlled by enzymes)
1. Light Reactions
also called photolysis
Light absorption in grana of chloroplasts Light and Pigments
chlorophyll trap energy from light (sun or artificial)
water molecules split (photolysis) and oxygen is released from water; proved with oxygen-18
leftover energy produced stored in ATP
grana

14. Light and Pigments light from sun appears clear/ opaque but is composed of many colors least energy  red orange yellow visible spectrum green blue blue most energy  violet blue/violet is most absorbed, and used most by the plant green/yellow is most reflected, leased used
chlorophyll a: directly involved in light reactions
Accessory Pigments
chlorophyll b: accessory pigment carotenoids: orange

16. The Absorption of Chlorophyll
A pigment is a substance that absorbs and reflects light of particular wavelengths. For ex­ample, the yellow-green color of a leaf is due to a pigment in the leaf called chlorophyll. When white light (which contains all of the colors of the spectrum) shines on chlorophyll, the chlorophyll absorbs most of the red, orange, blue, and violet and reflects most of the green and yellow. That is why you see a yellow-green color. Think of a pigment as a sponge that soaks up all of the other colors of the spectrum except the one you see.
A spectrophotometer is an instrument that is used to measure the amount of light
absorbed by a pigment. Below is a graph showing the percentage of light energy reflected for the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll. The highest peaks represent colors that chlorophyll absorbs the most. Therefore, they are the least visible.

17. Use the above ·graph to answer the following questions.
I . Which of the colors absorbed by chlorophyll is least visible? ________________________________
2. What is its approximate wavelength? _________________________________
3. What percentage of light energy absorbed does this peak represent? _____________________
4. How much of this color is being reflected? ___________________________
5. What percentage of light energy absorbed by chlorophyll does the orange spectrum peak represent? _____________
6. Why would you say there are no peaks in the range between 5000 angstroms and 6100 angstroms? _________________________
7. Are you able to see the light in the yellow-green part of the spectrum? Explain why. ____________, _______________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Arrange the colors in the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll in order of their visibility.
  Place the most visible color first. ________________________________________________________________________________

19. pigments easily separated by chromatography

20. The diagram below represents the results of a laboratory procedure.
This procedure is used to
separate molecules in a liquid mixture
detect glucose in a solution
(3) determine the rate of photosynthesis in plants
(4) examine the gene sequences of organisms

21. * also called carbon fixation take place in stroma of chloroplasts;
carbon dioxide is fixed in carbohydrate
PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde; 3 carbon)
is formed
* glucose is synthesized from two 3-C PGAL
molecules; called C-3 pathway
2. Dark Reactions
stroma

22. **** C-4 pathway; fix CO2 in 4 carbon compounds
Alternative Pathways
**** C-4 pathway; fix CO2 in 4 carbon
compounds
ex. corn, millet, crabgrass
****CAM; take in carbon dioxide at night
and fix it into organic compounds
ex. cactus, pineapple in hot dry climates

24. Rate of Photosynthesis Affected by:
*. amount of carbon dioxide
*. amount of water
*. amount of light

26. Glycolysis 2. ANAEROBIC Respiration (no oxygen)
Cellular Respiration
making ATP by breaking down organic compounds
summary equation: energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water  
Steps:
Glycolysis
2. ANAEROBIC Respiration (no oxygen)
OR AEROBIC Respiration (oxygen)

27. 1. Glycolysis
occurs outside the MITOCHONDRIA(in the cytoplasm)
glucose + 2 ATP  2 PGAL  2 pyruvic acid + 4 ATP
Net gain: 2 ATP

28. 2. Aerobic Respiration: if OXYGEN is available
occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA
2 pyruvic acid + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + 34 ATP
Net gain of ATP during aerobic respiration = 34
Total ATP from both stages = 36

31. Process 1: oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + X
Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the word equations below and on your knowledge of biology.
The equations represent two biochemical processes that occur in living organisms. The letter X represents a molecule produced from process 1.
Process 1: oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + X
Process 2: carbon dioxide + water → oxygen + glucose
1. Identify the molecule represented by letter X in process 1.
__________________________________
2. Which process occurs in the cells of a green plant leaf?
process 1, only
(2) neither process 1 nor process 2
(3) process 2, only
(4) both process 1 and process 2

32. 2. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Fermentation: no oxygen available
a. Lactic Acid Fermentation
occurs in MUSCLE cells
glucose  pyruvic acid  lactic acid + 2 ATP
muscle sore, cramps
b. Alcoholic Fermentation
some plant cells, yeast
glucose  pyruvic acid  ethyl alcohol + 2 ATP
WINE AND BREAD making

33. The laboratory setups represented below were used to investigate the effect of temperature on cellular respiration in yeast single-celled organism). Each of two flasks containing equal amounts of a yeast-glucose solution was submerged in a water bath, one kept at 20°C and one kept at 35°C. The number of gas bubbles released from the glass tube in each setup was observed and the results were recorded every 5 minutes for a period of 25 minutes. The data are summarized in the table below.  

35. _________________________________
State one relationship between temperature and the rate of gas production in yeast. [1]
Identity the gas that would be produced by the process taking place in both laboratory setups. [1]
_________________________________

36. . Photosynthesis Multiple Choice Questions
1.  A green plant is kept in a brightly lighted area for 48 hours. What will most likely occur if the light intensity is then reduced slightly during the next 48 hours?
1. Photosynthesis will stop completely.
2. The rate at which nitrogen is used by the plant will increase.
3. The rate at which oxygen is released from the plant will decrease.
4. Glucose production inside each plant cell will increase.
2.  An inorganic molecule required by green plants for the process of photosynthesis is
1. oxygen
2. starch
3. carbon dioxide
4. Glucose
.  
4.  Which activity occurs in the process of photosynthesis?
1. Chemical energy from organic molecules is converted into light energy.
2. Organic molecules are obtained from the environment.
3. Organic molecules are converted into inorganic food molecules.
4. Light energy is converted into the chemical energy of organic molecules.
5. Photosynthesis is the process by which
1. the potential energy of simple sugars is transferred to ATP molecules
2. simple sugars are gradually broken down to form lactic acid or alcohol
3. two simple sugar molecules combine to form maltose and water
4. light energy is converted into the chemical energy of simple sugars

37. 8. Which biological process is the main source of atmospheric oxygen?
6. An organism was added to a test tube containing water, which was then sealed and placed in sunlight.
The graph shows an increase in the oxygen content of the test tube over a period of time.
Which type of organism was most probably added to the test tube?
fresh-water animal
green alga
ameba
virus
7. Most of the oxygen gas present in the atmosphere is produced as a result of
1. photosynthesis
2. cellular respiration
3. dehydration synthesis
4. decomposition
8.  Which biological process is the main source of atmospheric oxygen?
1. respiration
2. photosynthesis
3. hydrolysis
4. Synthesis
9.  
The graph represents the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll. The graph indicates that the energy used in
photosynthesis is most likely obtained from which regions of the spectrum?
1. yellow and orange red
2. violet blue and green
3. orange red and violet blue
4. green and yellow
10. Eating a sweet potato provides energy for human metabolic processes.  The original source of this energy is the energy
1. in protein molecules stored within the potato
2. from starch molecules absorbed by the potato plant
3. made available by photosynthesis
4. in vitamins and minerals found in the soil
11.  The mass of some corn plants at the end of their growth period was 6 tons per acre. Most of this mass was produced from
1. water and organic compounds absorbed from the soil
2. minerals from the soil and oxygen from the air
3. minerals and organic materials absorbed from the soil
4. water from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air
12.  The dense needles of Douglas fir trees can prevent most light from reaching the forest floor. This situation would have the most immediate effect on
1. producers
2. carnivores
3. herbivores
4. decomposers
6. 

38. 14. The equation below represents a summary of a biological process.
13.   The diagram represents part of a life process in a leaf chloroplast.
If the process illustrated in the diagram is interrupted by a chemical at point X, there would be an immediate effect on the release of
chlorophyll
nitrogen
carbon dioxide
oxygen
14.  The equation below represents a summary of a biological process.
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + water + oxygen
This process is completed in
1. mitochondria
2. ribosomes
3. cell membranes
4. Chloroplasts
15. Which process is directly used by autotrophs to store energy in glucose?
1. diffusion
2. photosynthesis
3. respiration
4. active transport
16.  Organisms that have the ability to use an atmospheric gas to produce an organic nutrient are known as
1. herbivores
2. decomposers
3. carnivores
4. autotrophs

39. 17.  Leaves of green plants contain openings known as stomates, which are opened and closed by specialized cells allowing for gas exchange between the leaf and the outside environment. Which phrase best represents the net flow of gases involved in photosynthesis into and out of the leaf through these openings on a sunny day?
1. carbon dioxide moves in; oxygen moves out
2. carbon dioxide and oxygen move in; ozone moves out
3. oxygen moves in; nitrogen moves out
4. water and ozone move in; carbon dioxide moves out
18.  Which process usually uses carbon dioxide molecules?
1. cellular respiration
2. asexual reproduction
3. active transport
4. autotrophic nutrition

40. Constructed Response Questions The Control of Transpiration
20.  Which process provides the initial energy to support all the levels in the energy pyramid shown below?
circulation
photosynthesis
active transport
Digestion
Constructed Response Questions
The Control of Transpiration
Plants normally lose water from openings (stomates) in their leaves. The water loss typically occurs during daylight hours when plants are exposed to the Sun. This water loss, known as transpiration, is both beneficial and harmful to plants. Scientists believe wind and high temperatures increase the rate of transpiration, but the size of each stomate opening can be regulated. Reducing the size of the openings during drought conditions may help reduce the dehydration and wilting that would otherwise occur. A leaf may lose more than its own weight in water each day. Transpiration also lowers the internal temperature of the leaf as water evaporates. On hot days, temperatures in the leaves may be from 3° to 15°C cooler than the outside air. With stomates open, vital gases may be exchanged between the leaf tissues and the outside environment. Researchers have also found many plants that use another response when leaf temperatures rise. Special molecules known as heat shock proteins are produced by plant cells and help to hold enzymes in their functional shapes.
Identify the specific leaf structures that regulate the opening and closing of stomates.
Identify two of the "vital gases" that are exchanged between leaf tissues and the outside environment.
State one way transpiration is beneficial to plants.

41. • identify one function regulated by the guard cells in leaves
In some land plants, guard cells are found only on the lower surfaces of the leaves. In some water plants, guard cells are found only on the upper surfaces of the leaves. Explain how guard cells in both land and water plants help maintain homeostasis. In your answer be sure to:
• identify one function regulated by the guard cells in leaves
• explain how guard cells carry out this function
• give one possible evolutionary advantage of the position of the guard cells on the leaves of land plants
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Base your answer to the following question on the investigation described below and on your knowledge of biology.
As part of an investigation, 10 bean seedlings in one setup were grown in the dark, while 10 seedlings in another setup were grown in sunlight. All other growth conditions were kept the same in both setups. The seedlings grown in the dark were white with long, slender stems. These seedlings soon died. The seedlings grown in the sunlight were green and healthy.
Identify the independent variable in this investigation
______________________________________________________

42. The diagram below shows the setup of an experiment.
Using one or more complete sentences, state a problem that could be investigated using this experimental setup.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________