1. Kingdom Animalia: Vertebrate Unit
Biology 3

2. Phylum Chordata 52,600+ species Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Aves
Mammals

3. Chordata Characteristics
At least at some stage of its life it possess a Notochord
Notochord: a firm flexible rod of specialized cells in the dorsal region of the body
For vertebrates, only appears during the embryonic stage
Notochord is replaced with a vertebral column (backbone)

4. Chordata Characteristics
Hollow nerve cord is called the spinal cord and brain

5. Chordata Characteristics
Eucoelomate
Deuterostome
Bilateral symmetry
Pharyngeal Pouches: in vertebrates this develops into the throat (pharynx) region

6. 7 Classes of Living Vertebrates

7. Fish Characteristics and Classification

8. 3 Classes of Fish: Agnatha
Examples include hagfish (marine) or Lampryes (freshwater)
Jawless Fishes (no teeth or jaws)
Skeletons are made of fibers and cartilage
Lack vertebrae and keep their notochords
Possess skin not scales
Parasites or scavengers

9. 2 Types of Agnatha Lampreys:
Filter feeders as larvae and parasites as adults
Scrap away at skin with tooth structures
Sucks up the tissues and body fluids of its host

10. 2 Types of Agnatha Hagfish
No eyes, light detecting sensors Feed on dead and dying fish
Use a toothed tongue to scrape a hole into the fish’s slide

11. 3 Classes of Fish Chondrichthyes: Sharks, Rays, Mantas and skates
Skeleton made entirely of cartilage
Most are carnivores

12. 3 Classes of Fish Osteichthyes (95% of all fish)
Examples include perch, bass catfish, bluegill
Bony fishes, they have jaws and live both in marine and freshwater

13. Structure and Functions of Fish
Operculum: Protects the gills
Caudal fin: functions to increase the swim speed
Anal Fin: near the anus, functions in keeping the fish upright

14. Structure and Functions of Fish
Pelvic Fin: (ventral and anterior) functions to steer, brake, swim backwards
Pectoral Fin: (ventral and anterior) near operculum, steer, brake and swim backward slowly

15. Structure and Functions of Fish
Swim/Air Bladder: pouch where gases from blood concentrate to give the fish buoyancy
Integument: (skin with scales) Protection

16. Structure and Functions of Fish
Chromatophores: Pigmented cells used for camouflage (blending in) and molting
Lateral Line: Cells that sense vibrations and chemicals

18. Class Amphibian Characteristics and Terms

19. What is an Amphibian Lives in water as a larva and on land as an adult
Breaths with lungs as an adult
Has moist skin that contains mucous glands
Lacks scales and claws

20. Evolution of Amphibians
Vertebrates transition to land required them to:
Breathe air
Develop lungs
Protect themselves and their eggs from drying out
Produce watery mucous through the skin
Support against the pull of gravity
Evolved to have stronger bones for limbs and limb girdles

21. Amphibian Adaptations
Lungs
Pelvic Girdle
Leg Bones: The legs of a land vertebrate must be strong enough to hold its weight.
Skin: The skin and the lining of the mouth cavity of many adult amphibians are thin and richly supplied with blood vessels. Watery mucus is secreted by glands in the skin.

22. Amphibian Characteristics
Ectotherms (outside heat) or cold-blooded
Relies upon the environment to control body temp
Dormancy/tempor: reduces the state of metabolism (body functions slow down)
Why would they need this?

23. Amphibian Characteristics
2 Types of Dormancy:
Hibernation: dormancy in winter
Estivation: dormancy in summer
Amphibians can undergo metamorphosis
Aquatic larval stage matures into adult form

24. Amphibian Characteristics
Amphibians have a mucous secreting skin with no scales
Webbed feet without claws (if they have feet)
Gills, mouth, lungs and skin for respiration
Heart:
2 chambered heart: Larvae
3 chambered heart: Adult
Eggs lack a shell (laid in water)

25. Frog Anatomy and Adaptation
Possess 3 eyelids.
1 eyelid is transparent and keeps the eyeball moist and protected
Eyes and nostrils located at the top of the head
Allows for the frog to see and breath above and below the water

26. Frog Anatomy and Adaptation
Tympanic Membranes: eardrums are located behind the eyes (function both air and water)
Eustachian Tubes: located between mouth and ears.
Equalize air pressure
Aids in balance

27. Frog Anatomy and Adaptation
Mucous Membranes: keep the skin moist for respiration

28. Class Reptiles Characteristics and Terms

29. What is a Reptile?
A reptile is a vertebrate that has dry, scaly skin, lungs, and terrestrial eggs
Allow to live out of water

30. What is a Reptile?
Reproduction on land was now possible due to the development of the amniotic egg
egg with a protective membrane and porous shell enclosing the developing embryo

31. The amnion is a fluid-filled sac that surrounds and cushions the developing embryo.
An amniotic egg contains several membranes and an external shell. Although it is waterproof, the egg shell is porous, allowing gases to pass through. The shell of reptile eggs is usually soft and leathery. The amniotic egg is one of the most important adaptations to life on dry land.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

32. The chorion regulates the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the surface of the egg and the embryo.
Chorion
An amniotic egg contains several membranes and an external shell. Although it is waterproof, the egg shell is porous, allowing gases to pass through. The shell of reptile eggs is usually soft and leathery. The amniotic egg is one of the most important adaptations to life on dry land.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

33. The yolk sac contains the yolk that serves as a nutrient-rich food supply for the embryo.
An amniotic egg contains several membranes and an external shell. Although it is waterproof, the egg shell is porous, allowing gases to pass through. The shell of reptile eggs is usually soft and leathery. The amniotic egg is one of the most important adaptations to life on dry land.
Yolk sac
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

34. The allantois stores the waste produced by the embryo.
An amniotic egg contains several membranes and an external shell. Although it is waterproof, the egg shell is porous, allowing gases to pass through. The shell of reptile eggs is usually soft and leathery. The amniotic egg is one of the most important adaptations to life on dry land.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

35. Reptile Adaptations to Terrestrial Life
Dry, waterproof skin
Prevents the loss of body water in dry environment
Internal Fertilization
Terrestrial Eggs
Respiration is performed by internal lungs
To stay moist and protected

36. Reptile Adaptations to Terrestrial Life
External structural adaptions:
Toes with claws (running, climbing, movement on land)
Circulation:
Reptilian circulation is more complex than that of amphibians
3 and 4 (crocs and alligators) chambered hearts are used

37. Characteristics of Reptiles
Body Temperature Control
Ectotherms: animals that rely on behavior control body temperature
Bask in the sun to warm up
Take shade to cool down

38. Groups of Reptiles Groups of Reptiles Snakes Lizards and snakes
Rely on speed, agility and camouflage to catch prey
Crocodilians
Snakes
Snakes have immovable eyelids and no external ear openings
Snakes kill their prey by either:
Constrictions
Swallowing their prey whole
Venom

39. Groups of Reptiles Turtles and Tortoises Turtles live in water
Tortoises live on land
Tuatara
Lack external ears

40. Class Aves

41. How Birds are Classified
Physical Characteristics:
Beak
Feet
Plumage (color variation of feathers)
Behavior and Song
DNA sequences

42. Characteristics of Birds
Possess feathers and thin, hollow bones for flight
Most species forelimbs function as wings used for flight instead of grasping
Two hind limbs with clawed toes are used to support the body

43. Characteristics of Birds
Birds are endotherms (warm-blooded)
4 chambered heart
Amniotic egg (incubated in a nest)

44. Feathers Separate birds from all other living animals Made of protein
Function for flight and insulation
Their structure combines maximum strength with minimum weight.

45. Feathers
Preening: process of a bird cleaning its feathers with an oil secreted by the preen gland found at the base of the oil.
Molt:
Feathers of flight are replaced in late summer between breeding and migration
Also before courtship

46. How are birds adapted for flight?

47. Flight Adaptations for flight:
Highly efficient digestive, respiration and circulatory systems
Aerodynamic feathers and wings
Strong, lightweight bones
Strong chest muscles

49. Two Methods of Rearing/Raising Young Birds
Precocial: Bird lays many eggs and incubates for a long period of time.
Baby birds are active and fairly independent shortly after hatching
Ex. Chickens, ducks, and quail
Altricial: Birds lay only a few eggs that hatch quickly
Baby birds are hatched blind and helpless
Ex. Bluejays, Owls, Pigeons

50. Ecology of Birds
Birds interact with ecosystems and humans in many different ways:
Hummingbirds pollinate flowers
Fruit-eating disperse seeds in their droppings
Control insect populations
Migration patters
Use stars, sun and differences in air pressure

51. Class Mammals

52. Evolution of Mammals Mammalian fossils are characterized by:
Lower jaw with large teeth
Limbs
Backbone
Mammals are descended from ancient reptiles
Dinosaur extinction opened new habitats and new food sources allowing mammals to thrive

53. Mammalian Characteristics
Mammals are endotherms (warm blooded)
High rate of metabolism generates body heat
Possess hair at some time of their lives
Subcutaneous Fat: layer of fat located beneath the skin to conserve body heat
Young feed on breast milk

54. Mammalian Characteristics
Four chambered heart (efficient distribution of oxygenated blood)
Diaphragm
Separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities for respiration
Sweat glands (to cool the body)
Keratinized body parts
(skin, horns, claws) for protection

55. Mammalian Characteristics
Lower jawbone with specialized teeth
Incisors, canines, premolars and molars

56. Mammal Classification
Monotremes: Oviparous animals
Lay eggs
Females lay soft-shelled eggs that incubate outside the body
Duckbill platypus, spiny anteaters

57. Mammal Characteristics
Marsupials: Give birth to tiny immature young
Young marsupials complete their development in an external pouch
Feed on their mothers nipples inside her pouch

58. Mammal Classification
Placental Mammals
Named for an internal structure of the placenta
Organ formed during pregnancy to supply oxygen and nutrients to the fetus
Also removes waste