1. Kagan Cooperative Learning
By, Dr. Spencer Kagan and Miguel Kagan
Chapter 12: PIES

2. Let’s Take An Up Close Look at

3. Not that kind of PIES Silly…

4. Positive Interdependence
Cooperative learning when properly implemented, is a powerful instructional approach resulting in a spectrum of positive outcomes. Notice the caveat: When properly implemented. Research, theory, and years of implementation have drawn the conclusion that consistent success depends on four basic principles:
Positive Interdependence
Individual Accountability
Equal Participation
Simultaneous Interaction

6. Group Work is NOT Cooperative Learning!
The PIES principles distinguish cooperative learning from group work. If any of the PIES
principles are not present, we are merely doing group work. The PIES principles define
true learning. Group work produces hit or miss results. True cooperative learning
produces consistent gains for all learners.

7. Positive correlation: Are students on the same side?
Positive interdependence is the most well-established principle in the study of
cooperation. When positive interdependence is in place, individuals are almost
certain to cooperate. In the absence of positive interdependence, they may or
may not cooperate.
Question 1:
Positive correlation: Are students on the same side?
Question 2:
Interdependence: Does the task require working together?

8. Question 1: Positive correlation: Are students on the same side?
When there is a positive correlation among outcomes, participants
almost certainly work together. They cooperate, help each other, and
encourage each other. In class, if I know your success will somehow
benefit me, naturally I hope you will do well and I will encourage, help,
and tutor you.
When there is a positive correlation among outcomes, we sense we’re
on the same side.

9. Question 2: Interdependence: Does the task require working together?
The word interdependence refers to how the task is structured. If a
task is structured so no one of us can do it alone, but we can do it
by working together, then we are interdependent.

10. Degrees of Interdependence
Strong Interdependence:
The contribution of each team member is necessary for the success of the team. The task is impossible without help.
Intermediate Interdependence:
The contribution of each team member does contribute to the success of the team, but a team member could succeed on his/her own.
Week Interdependence:
The contribution of each team member may contribute to the success of the team.
Degrees of Interdependence

11. None of us is as smart as all of us.
Positive Interdependence Increases Cooperation
None of us is as smart as all of us.
A husband and wife combine their money to buy a house neither alone could afford.
The basketball player passes the ball so a teammate can shoot a basket, and their team is more likely to win.
The workplace team pools knowledge and brainstorms solutions to come up with a better procedure or product.
The author gives her paper to the editor, knowing the editor can catch errors the author could not.

13. 3 Things To Be Careful With
Negative Interdependence Among Teams: Rewarding top teams based on
performance may create positive interdependence within teams, but create
the opposite among teams. All teams achieving a predetermined goal can
be rewarded.
Pitfalls of Team Rewards: If not used carefully, extrinsic team rewards
may erode the intrinsically rewarding teamwork process.
Group Grades: There are so many problems with group grades that they
should never be used. Chapters 15 and 16
provide better and fair ways to grade
and motivate students.

14. T.E.A.M. Together Everyone Achieves More
Structures create positive interdependence. They include shared team goals so students cooperate for mutual benefit.
Together
Everyone
Achieves
More
Positive interdependence is created by situations in which teammates pool knowledge or skills for mutual benefit.
Tasks that call for a range of knowledge or skills that no single individual possesses encourage mutual helping.

15. Tasks Make the task challenging, so that the
sheer volume or difficulty of the task
requires the participation and cooperation
of all
Division of labor is used to accomplish
difficult tasks. Assign roles to each
student. Teammates then come together
to synthesize their combined knowledge
into a presentation
Limit each student’s access to specific
resources to structure for cooperation

16. Structures Create Interdependence
Rules and Structures Foster Positive Interdependence
Rules too can increase interdependence. For example, to increase helping and encouragement, we might institute a rule that states the team cannot progress to a new learning center or task until all teammates have completed a task or have displayed mastery.
Structures Create Interdependence
Method
Sample Structure
Varied Knowledge or Skills
Jigsaw
Challenging Task
Team Projects
Division of Labor
Co-op Co-op
Roles
4S Brainstorming
Resource Access
Rules
Talking Chips

17. Is individual, public performance required?
In the cooperative classroom, there is an “I” in team, and that “I” stands for
Individual Accountability. In the cooperative classroom, students work together
as a team to create and to learn, but ultimately every individual student is
responsible for his or her own performance.
Individual accountability boosts achievement.
Question 3:
Is individual, public performance required?

18. Is individual, public performance required?
Question 3:
Is individual, public performance required?
Three Components of Individual Accountability
Individual accountability is created by putting in place three components:
Individual. The performance is done without help.
2. Public. Someone witnesses the performance.
3. Required. The performance is required.

19. Accountability For What? Accountability To Whom?
Accountability To Whom? For What?
Accountability For What?
Accountability To Whom?
Students may be accountable to a partner, a team, the class, and/or the teacher. Reports home create accountability to parents. In Numbered Heads Together, before students put their heads together, each student independently writes his or her best answer to share with the team. Thus, each is held accountable to teammates. Further, when a student’s number is called, that student must share the team’s answer, so they are held accountable to the teacher and the class as well.
Depending on the structure and the content, students are held accountable for different things. For example, in Paraphrase Passport, the right to speak is earned by paraphrasing the previous speaker. This structure holds students accountable for empathetic listening. Talking Chips hold students accountable for participating. In a Rally Table of prime numbers, learners are held accountable for listing prime numbers.

20. Me Before We Students write own responses prior to teaming up
Students create own products to share with classmates
Structures: Showdown, Numbered Heads Together, Placemat Consensus

21. Me During We Color-code individual contributions Assign mini topics
Students fill in own worksheets, create own product
Structures: Rally Coach, Team Mind-Mapping, Talking Chips, Jot Thoughts

22. Me After We Students turn in individual worksheets
Students take tests, quizzes after team interaction
Structures: Team-Pair-Solo, Numbered Heads Together
Me After We

24. Accountability Requires Support
Individual accountability must be coupled with positive interdependence;
otherwise it will backfire.
A student can be held accountable by calling on
them publicly, but without the support, they
can fail publicly also and may soon dread class,
content and the teacher.
Learning and change come about best by a
combination of pressure and support.

25. Is participation approximately equal?
The “E” of PIES is the simplest of the four principles: We structure so that
students participate about equally. Participation is an integral part of the
learning process. Students learn by interacting with the content and with
fellow students. For equitable educational outcomes, we need participation
to be relatively equal.
Question 4:
Is participation approximately equal?

26. Question 4: Is participation approximately equal?
Structure for equal participation. It does not occur magically. Six approaches
to equalize participation are: 1) turn taking, 2) time allocation, 3) think and
write time, 4) rules, 5) individual accountability, and 6) roles.

27. Six Approaches to Equalizing Participation Individual Accountability
How
Sample Structures
Turn Taking
Every student receives an equal turn
Round Table
Time Allocation
Every student receives the same amount of time.
Timed Pair Share
Think Time
Students are given the opportunity to formulate own ideas.
Think-Pair-Share
Rules
Rules of engagement establish guidelines for equal participation.
Talking Chips
Individual Accountability
Students are held accountable for participation
Showdown
Role Assignment
Students participate by filling a unique or rotating role.
4S Brainstorming

28. What percent of students are overtly interacting at once?
Active engagement increases student learning. If students are off task, they
are less likely to learn. If students are only occasionally engaged, they learn less
than when they are regularly engaged. Simultaneous interaction is the most
powerful tool we have for increasing active engagement.
Question 5:
What percent of students are overtly interacting
at once?

29. Question 5: What percent of students are overtly interacting at once?
A simple look at the mathematics reveals the staggering difference in amount
of overt active engagement during traditional instruction and cooperative
learning structures…

30. Percent Actively Engaged at Once Student Participation Time per Hour
Simultaneous Interaction Increases
Engagement and Participation
Structure
Percent Actively Engaged at Once
Student Participation Time per Hour
Whole Class Q&A
1 in 30 (3.33%)
2 minutes per student
Round Robin
1 in 4 (25%)
15 minutes per student
Rally Robin
1 in 2 (50%)
30 minutes per student

31. Time for Three-Minute Student Presentations
Simultaneous Interaction Saves Time
We can engage more students at a time, and thus get more accomplished more quickly.
Time for Three-Minute Student Presentations
In a class of 30 students
Structure
Required Class Time
Student Presentation
Student presents to class.
90 minutes
Timed Round Robin
Student presents to teammates
12 minutes
Timed Pair Share
Student presents to partner
6 minutes

32. Simultaneous Response Modes and Sharing
Answer Boards
Thumbs Up or Down
Choral Practice
Greater engagement and accountability are achieved with
simultaneous responses vs. calling on one student.

33. Addressing Objections to Simultaneity
OBJECTION: The teacher won’t hear everything and wrong answers will be said
I OBJECT!
Solutions:
Team Answer Slates
Students check answers with another classroom source
Teacher walks around for authentic assessment
The probability of a correction opportunity is far greater with simultaneous interaction

34. Cooperative learning consistently produces powerful gains
when the research-based and classroom-proven PIES
principles are in place. Kagan Structures implement PIES.
Any teacher can easily learn some simple structures and
be confident he/she is implementing good cooperative learning.