1. Japan

2. How did the Edo Era of Great Peace Begin?
In the 16th century, Japan was divided into about 250 smaller regions
The Emperor was the ruler of Japan.
The capital (Government) located in Kyoto
During the Edo period, government moved to Edo
Edo (not the restaurant) = Tokyo

4. The Daimyo was the commander of each region
Constantly at war with each other for more land and power
The Shogun held the real power and authority, he was the leader of the military government
Three Shogun are given credit for unifying Japan.
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Tokugawa Ieyasu

6. Oda Nobunaga ( )
Reduced the influence of Buddhist control over Japanese politics
Built a series of castles to defend his lands
Introduced new administrative practices to pave the way towards a unified Japan

7. Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598)
Continued centralizing government
Charged landowner koku instead of money for tax. The wealthier paid more.
Created a formal class structure that included samurai, farmers, artisans, merchants

8. People had to chose between farming or warrior, not both
Tried expanding his land by attacking both Korea and China. He lost.
Supported painters and new types of drama

9. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) Established his government base in Edo
Finalized the unification of Japan
Isolationist – believed that Japan could advance on its own

10. Why Did Japan Isolate Itself from Much of the World
Foreign Influences
Japan was trading with European merchants. (Portugal, Spain, England, Netherlands)
Ieyasu did not want the Japanese to be exposed by western ideas.
Saw the Europeans setting up colonies
Wanted ensure the safety and sovereignty of the Japanese

11. Homework: If you were Tokugawa Ieyasu, how would you ensure that Japan would remain isolated despite the influences of European traders & missionaries.
SUGGESTIONS
Pros
Cons

12. Japan in the Edo Period

13. The Spread of Christianity
Most European ships had Catholic missionaries on them
St. Francis Xavier converted 150,000
Hideyoshi ordered the missionaries to leave, and later 26 Franciscans were executed
After Isyasu’s death the Bakufu worried about the people following otherspiritual views.
Introduced a bunch of Edicts

14. Closed Country Edict of 1635
The National Seclusion Policy developed over six years from 1633 to It set out controls on the interaction between Japanese and foreigners.
The National Seclusion Policy:
Closed Country Edict of 1635
Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to travel to foreign countries
No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. Anyone who attempts to do so must be executed.
No single trading city shall be permitted to purchase all the merchandise brought by foreign ships.
If any Japanese returns from overseas after residing there, he must be put to death.
Portuguese ships are banned from Japanese ports. Any ship disobeying this order will be destroyed and its crew and passengers executed.
If any southern barbarians (Westerners) teach Christianity or commit crimes, they may be put into prison.

15. Basic Political Terms:
Edo:
The old name for Tokyo. Edo literally means the mouth of bay.
Daimyo:
The lord of a local region or the head samurai of a local government
Shogun:
The head of a central military government.
Bakufu:
The centralized military government
Han:
A local government in each domain (province)

16. How Did the Political System During the Edo Period Reflect their Worldview?
Hierarchical Political System
Every domain (province) was controlled by a Daimyo
He controlled his lands how he wanted, but had to swear allegiance to the Shogun
Each of the Daimyo ruled over the local government, or Han
Even the shogun was in control of one

17. (advisors serving shogun)
Political Structure
Samurai Order
Ruler of Japan
Ruled by
Hatamoto Gokenin
(advisors serving shogun)
Ruled by
Retainers
(serving han)

18. The daimyo could never move out of their class.
How did the Bakufu Control the Daimyo?
The daimyo were divided into three classes:
those most trusted and loyal
nobles of the Tokugawa family
those who had little standing because they may have opposed the shogun before he gained power.
The daimyo could never move out of their class.
The Bakufu wanted to ensure that no daimyo could gain enough power and wealth to overtake the shogun or gain power over the members of the Bakufu.

19. Every Diamyo must adhere to these rules:
No unnecessary contact between Daimyos
Report any suspicious activities, don’t let traitors to the Shogun into their domain
There can only be one castle per domain
Supply detailed maps of landholding to Bakufu
Daimyo must support public building project

20. Daimyo spent every second year in Edo
All commoners must register at Buddhist temples
Marriages of daimyo must get permission from Bakufu
Travel and shipbuilding are restricted

21. The Bakufu controlled the Diamyo:
Had the power to relocate them
Had the power to abolish them
Created laws that did not allow for the daimyo to create alliances with each other
Created laws that made it impossible to gain enough money to become a threat

22. Hierarchical Social Class System
Edo Japan’s social structure during isolation was a hierarchical system. (like the feudal system – could not move out of the class they were born into)
6 Levels of the class system:
Shogun
Samurai
Farmers
Artisans
Merchants
Outcasts (Eta)
Non-Humans (Hinin)

23. Jigsaw Activity: Social Structure
Each group will be assigned a social class /level
Group must make notes and present notes to class.
Info to cover:
What was their job
What was there place in the social system
How did things change during isolation?
In what ways were their lives better, worse, the same.
Refer to p

24. Social Structure: Samurai
What was their job
What was there place in the social system
How did things change during isolation?
In what ways were their lives better, worse, the same.

25. Social Structure: Farmers
What was their job
What was there place in the social system
How did things change during isolation?
In what ways were their lives better, worse, the same.

26. Social Structure: Artisans
What was their job
What was there place in the social system
How did things change during isolation?
In what ways were their lives better, worse, the same.

27. Social Structure: Merchants
What was their job
What was there place in the social system
How did things change during isolation?
In what ways were their lives better, worse, the same.

28. Social Structure: Outcasts
What was their job
What was there place in the social system
How did things change during isolation?
In what ways were their lives better, worse, the same.

29. Social Structure: Non-humans
What was their job
What was there place in the social system
How did things change during isolation?
In what ways were their lives better, worse, the same.

30. How did Communities Change During Isolation?
The shogun created, and maintained five major roadways for the diamyo’s annual pilgrimages to Edo
The regular movement of people had an effect on the economies of the domains of the nation
Economies of the rural and urban areas became intertwined.
As the diamyo and their entourages traveled, the need for services on the route grew
Accommodations
Food
Etc.

31. With all the visitors going to Edo, artisans and merchants started to settle in areas on the main roadways.
This provided the travelers with goods and services
Cities could not be self-sufficient, so rural and urban areas became intertwined.
Eventually, castle towns grew because of the influx of artisans and merchants
Edo, Kyoto, Osaka grew to over 1,000,000
The change to an urban society helped the later transitions Japanese society would undergo in the Meiji period.

32. Japan’s Three Metropolises
Edo
Present day Tokyo and was the largest city and the center of government
Ieyasu chose this site for the easy to defend port and waterways.
Sometimes they had 250 daimyo and their
families in the city
To sustain the the city’s growth and economy
merchant were encouraged to develop large businesses.
By the 18th century, the city grew to over
people, making it one
of the largest cities in the world

33. Kyoto
Was the capital before Edo
The city was chosen because it had easy river access to the sea.
City was also surrounded by mountains which provided good defense
Known for beautiful luxuries like silk brocades, fine lacquer, and metal work
Center of publishing and known
for its woodblock printing

34. Osaka
Around a protected harbour
It had hundreds of warehouses along the waterfront and good were moved by river access to the inland cities (Kyoto)
Famous castle (Buddhist temple) and the 150 bridges
Known as the “Kitchen of Japan”
Good farmland
Surplus rice was sent to sell

35. How Did The Popular Culture Of Japan Change During Isolation?
Just as the arts flourished in the city-states of the Renaissance, the popular culture of Japan began to change
Cities grew and the merchant class became more wealthy
The daimyo became patrons of the arts and supported artists, sculptors, painters etc.

36. Kabuki Theatre
Featured lively action and was a mirror of Japanese life
Depicted moral dilemmas
Great kabuki actors were so popular, they were treated like the movie stars of today
Banraku Theater
Banraku was a name for a puppet theater which was for adults
Geishas
Women trained in dancing, singing and they were expected to demonstrate all the correct forms of etiquette
Woodlock Images
Were prints of original paintings which often depicted scenes of nature and the lives of commoners in thier daily activities
Books and Literature
By the mid-17th century, printing houses apeared in Osaka
Basho Matsuo developed a new poetic form called Haiku

37. How Did Foreign Influence Change Japan Despote Policies Of Isolation?
Depsite it’s policies, Japan was not totally isolated
The Chinese and the Koreans were permitted limited access to the country to meet with Japanese traders ad officials
Chinese influence on Japanese learning increased during isolation as their goods and ideas were actually allowed into Japan
The Dutch eventually had an impact on Japan in the area of medicine
In the 1720’s the shogun himself became interested in Western books and ideas and as a result relaxed restrictions on importing books

38. What Factors Influenced Change in Meiji Japan?
Chapter 5
What Factors Influenced Change in Meiji Japan?

39. Russian Influence
They started trading along the Pacific Coast and established the Russian-American Company.
The czar gave the company permission to trade with the Ainu.
Russia stopped trading when they became involved with wars in Europe.
Japanese realized that the Bakufu were too concerned with internal affairs and should prepare for trouble that might come from the outside world.
Japan’s Response
Captured a commander and pushed Russians off the northern Islands

40. European Influence
Dutch East India Company had all their ships fly Dutch flags and hide any bibles and weapons.
Japanese high level official believed they should start learning about the west and had books brought in.
They learned about history, the sciences and institutions.
Thought Europe was a superpower because they all dressed the same unlike Asian countries.
Japan’s Response
Closed the doors tighter, and asked for documentation from ships that would dock.

41. Chinese Influence
China was forced to sign a treaty that gave control of their ports to Britain.
Japan’s Response
Since they saw China as a powerful nation, they realized the strength of the British Navy.
Abandoned some edicts that might cause Western countries, like Britain, want to invade Japan if they don’t start negotiating.

42. United States Influence
Commodore Matthew Perry negotiated;
Get supplies and coal from Japan
To protect sailors and American ships that might need help
To enter into an official trade agreement
Townsend Harris negotiated
Opened five ports for the Americans
Allowed Americans to live in Edo and Osaka
Supplied Japan with ships, arms, and technicians

43. United States Influence Con’t
Japan’s Response
Intellectuals in the larger domains found the treaties favorable
Others felt that they were unequal treaties
Japan was pressured to sign treaties with Russia, Britain, France and the Netherlands. (also considered unequal)
Japan leaders felt they must compete with the West to meet foreign challenges and protect Japan’s Sovereignty

44. Who/What was…
The Ainu: Dutch East India Company Commodore Perry

45. How did Japan respond to the crisis?
Different Points of View: caused a lot of internal conflict
One group believed:
Only a matter of time before Japan was forced to trade with Western nations
Japan would not be able to remain isolated
Japan did not want to be colonized or over thrown by another country
Japan needed Western technologies to remain powerful and independent

46. Another group believed:
Japan should remain isolated and declare war on Western countries
All foreigners should be killed
“barbarians” would expose the common Japanese (peasants, merchants, artisans) to a different way of life, thus, undermining their social structure/class system

47. Civil Unrest Cause Bad weather caused poor crops
Japanese began questioning taxes they were forced to pay
Japanese blamed the government for the unrest because they could not overcome their difficulties
Citizens were asking questions about all the changes government was making
Samurai began to support the emperor/stronger loyalty to him
Samurai were upset with the Harris Treaty
Effect
Farmers and peasants were starving
Support for the Bakafu weakened

48. Leaders of the above domains:
Samurai were especially strong in Choshu, Satsuma, Tosa, and Saga – these domains never really supported the shogun.
Leaders of the above domains:
secretly traveled to England
did not actually fear the presence of the foreigners
used the issue of foreign influence to create dislike for the Bakufu

49. Critiques of the shogun:
wanted to create a new government headed by the emperor
increased military armaments
purchased weapons and ships from the West
women broke tradition and began fighting against shogun troops

50. In 1867…
Samurai from Tosa convinced the shogun to resign and take a leading role in the new government
military forces from Satsuma and Choshu intervened
Meiji was the new emperor
Tokugawa shogun surrendered their ancestral lands to the Meiji
Shogun responded with military attack
Military forces were defeated in 1869
Emperor moved to Edo and renamed the capital Tokyo

51. The Modernization of Japan
Meiji period: 1868 to 1912
Led the restoration of imperial rule

52. Origin of the Emperors of Japan

53. How did the political system change?
Political leaders used the creation story to their advantage (pg 180)
They declared the emperor sacred and inviolable
Tried to appeal to the Japanese traditionalists
Tried to build loyalty to government
Used the young emperor as a symbol of unity

54. The Charter Oath
Wanted the samurai to know that they are this new government was not the same as the old Bakufu
Future policies would be based on a consensus
Made many drafts
Final form satisfied all the points of views expressed by all who worked on it
Showed change in all three elements of worldview: political and economic systems, social systems and culture
Unity of Rites and Rules
Pg 182

55. How did Japan reshape its worldview and begin to modernize?
New Leadership
Emperor – official head of the government, but did not directly rule
An oligarchy was formed
Promoted economic growth and industrialization
Samurai were the leaders – average age of 30 – military skills, studied in the west

56. Two goals:
to modernize Japan and make the economy grow
(2) to renegotiate the unequal treaties
Wanted to be competitive in the modern world, yet continue to be Japanese
The samurai looked to Europe and North America for models or a modern system
Japan’s worldview changed drastically! Foreigner use to be despised, but now they were welcomed.

57. The Iwakura Mission Iwakura Tomomi led the mission
50 officials and 50 students sent on a 22-month world trip of 12 countries
Purpose: find the best ideas and bring them back to Japan
Iwakura Tomomi led the mission

58. Ideas that were gathered from the West
Ways to modernize Japan
To develop a nation competitive in the modern world
Education
A form of participatory government
Capitalism
Religious freedom
Maintain national sovereignty

60. How Did Rapid Change During the Meiji Period Affect Japan’s Worldview?
Chapter 6
How Did Rapid Change During the Meiji Period Affect Japan’s Worldview?

61. At the beginning of the Meiji Period, there were two things that Japan wanted to become.
A military Power
Economically Self-sufficient

62. How to Implement the Change?
Some of the Western ideologies that the Japanese borrowed and adapted were
Aspects of democracy, such as elected representatives
Public education, to help adjust to an industrialized nation
Embraced new Technologies, like steam powered machinery
No other country has adapted so quickly or successfully

63. How Did Modernizing the Japanese Political System Reflect a New Worldview?
The Japanese believed in implementing an Oligarchy government, and slowly move towards a Constitutional government.
For this new government to work, the emperor needed to unify the country
Domains were replayed by prefecture system
Used himself as a symbol to develop strong nationalistic feelings

64. Two main groups developed after looking at the different governments in the west
the Japanese finally agreed on a strong cabinet and limited powers of parliament, called a Dajoken.
This new government put an end to the feudal class system and left the Japanese with one obligation – be loyal to the emperor and the state.
Liberal
Conservative
Supported French and American ideas of Human Rights
Supported the German model of centralized control

65. The new government wanted to make a constitution because
Most strong European countries had constitutions
Western countries would regard Japan as a stronger nation if it had western-style constitution
A constitution would unify Japan
After the constitution was written, (pg 197), there were political debates, some lead to violent revolts, and a call for a representative government.

66. How Did Japan Change Its Economic System?
Industrialization
New factories like munitions, gunpowder, silk and textile, glass, and chemical plants
The government funded and owned businesses and handed them over to private owners within 10 years
They also increased import tariffs to make domestic products cheaper
Pg 202

67. Capitalism
To help the Japanese government, the Minister of Finance did three things
Saw the need to renegotiate unequal treaties – adapted economic polices that would protect Japan
Encourage more private business
Imposed new taxes and lowered the value of printed money
This caused the national income to increase

68. Five of the ways in which Japan industrialized.
New railroads
Deep water harbors
Telephone systems
New technology and industries
Money was lent to start new businesses

69. How Did Japan Change Its Military System to Meet Political Needs?
In Western countries, the military was part of the political and economical systems. Japan too wanted this because;
They wanted obedient and disciplined soldiers
Japan did not want to be seen as a weak military nation in comparison to Western powers
Wanted to become a colonial power
Wanted to ensure they could meet their military goals

70. Japan modeled
the German army
and the British Navy

71. How Did Japan’s New Worldview Change Its Social System?
No feudal system
Individuals could achieve better status, change occupations, move around the country, and obtain an education.
The Education system changed
Edo Period
Meiji Period
People learned practical knowledge
Standardized curriculum
Schools mainly for samurai children
Elementary schools for everyone

72. The Worldview of the Japanese changed and the national military broke down the classes and regional differences
Peasants received educational training

73. Peasants returned home and shared what they had learned with their families and they had developed a sense of loyalty to the emperor (nationalism)
Before the peasants left
home they were illiterate
when they returned they
could read

74. Three main goals were achieved by the military.
Changed the influence and power it had with other nations
Helped to keep the nation united
Protected its
independence

75. How did Japan's Culture Change?
Religion
Oligarchy wanted to make Shinto the national religion.
But the schools were still teaching Confucianism, and the military was still teaching bushido.
Eventually allowed freedom of religion

76. Attitudes
Pushed for individual success
‘Civilization and Enlightenment’ (bunmei kaika)
In the old ways people worked in harmony with each other.
‘For the sake of the country’ (kuni no tame)
After failing to renegotiate treaties, writers started pushing the importance of retaining Japanese traditional values

77. Citizenship and Participation
Peasants no longer were just exposed to the day to day concerns of life
They started to write letters and form lobby groups to let the government know if they were unhappy

78. How Did Japan’s Changes in the Edo period differ from those in the Meiji period?
See chart on page 218 – 219 of your text book.