1. Muscular System 37. Unit 3 Notebook Check (glue/get signed)
38. Muscular System Vocabulary (21 words/definitions and 10 pictures)
39. Muscle Diagrams (3; colors and labels)
40. Muscle Labeling Practice Worksheet
41. Muscle Anatomy Lecture
42. Muscle Crossword
43. Muscle Lab
44. Case Studies
45. Types of Body Movements
46. More About Muscles
47. Muscular System Test
48. Muscular System Portfolio Check TOMORROW

2. Test and Notebook Check
Nervous System
48. Muscular System Portfolio Check GET SIGNED!
49. Nervous System Overview homework (stamped)
50. Intro to the Nervous System Lecture
51. Parts of the Nervous System (color, label, definitions)
52. Cells of the Nervous System (notes and color)
53. Neurons (notes and research)
54. Neuron Lab
55. The Brain (notes and color)
56. Nervous System Crossword
57. Sheep Dissection
58. Test 1
59. Diseases of the NS
60. Neurotransmitters
61. Nerve Impulse Lecture
62. Sensory Receptors
63. TedTalk
64. Notebook Check
Test and Notebook Check
Wednesday!

3. A B G D C E F Releases message to other neurons. Contains nucleus.
Allows message to jump from one another.
Insulates the axon.
Receives signals from other neurons.
Controls cell activity.
Transmits message from dendrites. A B G D C E F

4. A B G D C E F Releases message to other neurons. Contains nucleus.
Allows message to jump from one another.
Insulates the axon.
Receives signals from other neurons.
Controls cell activity.
Transmits message from dendrites. A B G D C E F

5. A B G D C E F Releases message to other neurons. Contains nucleus.
Allows message to jump from one another.
Insulates the axon.
Receives signals from other neurons.
Controls cell activity.
Transmits message from dendrites. A B G D C E F

6. THREE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Sensory -  gathers info
Integrative - information is brought together
Motor - responds to signals, homeostasis

7. Basic Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS):
brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
nerves of the body
31 pairs of spinal nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves
two subdivisions:
Figure 12.2

8. Somatic Nervous System controls skeletal muscles (voluntary)
Autonomic Nervous System controls organs, smooth muscles, glands (involuntary)

9. Green = motor nerves Red = sensory nerves Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Brain (yellow)
Spinal Cord (light blue)
E1. Autonomic Sensory Nerves (red)
E2. Somatic Sensory Nerves (red)
F1. Somatic Nerve (green)
F2. Sympathetic Nerve (green)
F3. Parasympathetic Nerve (green)
G. Gray Matter (gray)
H. White Matter
Heart (other organs)
Skin Senses
Skeletal Muscle
Green = motor nerves
Red = sensory nerves

11. 52. Cells of the Nervous System
A.  Neurons = nerve cells that carry messages through an electrochemical process.
Parts of the neuron:
1. Cell Body - contains the nucleus and two extensions
2. Dendrites – shorter, more numerous, receive information
3. Axons – single, long “fiber” which conducts impulse away from the cell body, sends information
4. Myelin – wrapped around the axon of neurons; accelerates nerve impulses
5. Axon Terminals – contain neurotransmitters, release the message to other neurons
6. Nodes of Ranvier – spots that the message jumps to, increase the speed of the message

12. B.  Neuroglial Cells = nervous system cells that support neurons

13. 1.  Microglial Cells: digest debris or bacteria; respond to immunological alarms

14. 2.  Oligodendrocytes: makes the myelin sheath that provides insulation around the axons of nerves in the CNS

15. 3. Astrocytes: connect blood vessels to neurons
I connect to blood vessels

16. 4.  Ependymal Cells:  forms a membrane; produce CSF

17. 5. Schwann cells:  form the insulating myelin sheath around the neurons in the PNS
       

20. A F G D B B H C E Neuron (blue) Myelin (pink) Nodes of Ranvier (black)
Astrocytes(yellow)
Microglial (green)
Ependymal (orange)
Oligodendrocytes (purple)
Capillary (red) A F G D B B H C E

24. #53. Neurons A B G D C E F Releases message to other neurons.
Contains nucleus.
Allows message to jump from one another.
Insulates the axon.
Receives signals from other neurons.
Controls cell activity.
Transmits message from dendrites. A B G D C E F

25. Types of Neurons
Sensory Nerves – conduct impulses into the brain or spinal cord from senses; AFFERENT nerves
Motor Nerves – carry impulses to muscles or glands; cause a response; EFFERENT nerves
Interneurons – connect sensory and motor nerves
NEUROPATHY – damage to nerves in the PNS usually from underlying medical conditions (ie. Diabetes)
symptoms include burning/tingling sensation and loss of sensation

26. Interesting Facts about the Neuron
Longevity – can live and function for a lifetime
Do not divide – fetal neurons lose their ability to undergo mitosis; neural stem cells are an exception
High metabolic rate – require abundant oxygen and glucose
The nerve fibers of newborns are unmyelinated - this causes their responses to stimuli to be coarse and sometimes involve the whole body.  Try surprising a baby!

27. White vs. Grey Matter
Myelinated neurons (white matter) – myelinated axons
Unmyelinated neurons (grey matter) - unmyelinated

28. Take notes…

30. Research!! Nerves to know
RESEARCH WHERE THESE NERVES ARE FOUND AND WHAT THEY INNERVATE!
Olfactory nerve
Optic nerve
Vagus nerve
Sciatic nerve
Phrenic nerve
Trochlear nerve
Research!!

31. The Brain #55 Can be divided into 4 main parts:
Cerebrum (A): LARGEST PART OF BRAIN
Front of brain
Composed of left and right hemispheres
Controls movement, temperature, touch, vision, hearing, judgment, prob-solving, emotions, learning
Brainstem (D)
Middle of brain
Includes the midbrain (D1), pons, and medulla oblongata
Controls movement of eyes/mouth, relaying sensory messages, hunger, respirations, consciousness, cardiac function, body temperature, sneezing, coughing, swallowing, vomiting, involuntary muscle movements

32. Cerebellum (C) Diencephalon (B) 4 Lobes of the brain Frontal Lobe
Back of brain
Controls coordination of voluntary muscle movements, maintain posture, balance, and equilbrium
Diencephalon (B)
Consists of thalamus (B1), hypothalamus (B2), and epithalamus (B3)
4 Lobes of the brain
Frontal Lobe
Largest section of brain at front
Personality characteristics, movement, smell
Parietal Lobe
Middle part of brain
Identify objects, spatial relationships, interpret pain and touch

33. Pons and Medulla – in the brainstem
Occipital Lobe
Back part of brain
Vision
Temporal Lobe
Sides of brain
Memory, speech, musical rhythm, smell
Pons and Medulla – in the brainstem
Pons (D2)
Deep in brain
Eye and face movements
Medulla Oblongata (D3)
Most vital part of entire brain
Controls heart and lungs
VENTRICLES – filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); CSF is used for communication and protection mainly

34. Why do we need CSF surrounding our brain tissue?

35. Top View
Bottom View
Inside Views

36. #59 NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES
For each disease, determine the following:
Brief description
What part of the brain it affects
Who it affects
Signs and symptoms
Prognosis
Multiple Sclerosis
Stroke
Epilepsy
Parkinson’s Disease
Hydrocephalus
ALS

37. Ions in the cell and outside the cell create a positive and negative side, which produces an electric current.

38. Steps of a Nerve Impulse
Neuron is at rest at -70mV
Stimulus hits the neuron causing Na+ to rush into the nerve cell and K+ to rush out (-55mV is the ALL response)
The nerve impulse travels down the axon to the axon terminals
Calcium rushes into the cell releasing the neurotransmitters in the synapse
Neuron gets back to resting as Na+ and K+ are pumped back to their original places
Neurotransmitters carry the message to the next neuron.

40. Neurotransmitters
GABA – nature’s valium; inhibitory; reduces stress and anxiety
Dopamine – reward; too much = Schizophrenia and too little = Parkinson’s disease, both inh and exc
Serotonin – too little = depression, OCD, anger, suicide; inhibitory; happiness, appetite, & sleep
Norepinephrine – brings us on “high alert;” excitatory, increase blood pressure and heart rate; memories
Acetylocholine – first NT discovered; mimics vagus nerve; learning/memory, dream/sleep, stimulate muscles; both inh and exc
Endorphins – inhibitory; similar to opium; pain reduction and increases pleasure; hiberation (slows heart rate, metabolism, respiration)

41. Neurotransmitters #60
Excitatory - increase membrane permeability, increases chance for threshold to be achieved
Inhibitory - decrease membrane permeability, decrease chance for threshold to be achieved

43. A: Neuron (axon)
B: Neuron (dendrite)
Mitochondria
Vesicle
Receptor
Synapse
Calcium Channel
Releases neurotransmitter
Re-uptake

44. Drugs that Affect Synapses and Neurotransmitters