United States History Exam Review

United States History Exam Review

USHC-1 Settling North America
Competition between three European countries was motivation for exploration and settlement. Spain France Great Britain

Colonial Areas New Spain New France New England colonies
British Mid-Atlantic colonies British Southern colonies British Caribbean

Colonial Regions Be able to identify regions

European Settlements Spain, France, England and others
Each establish colonies in North and South America Competition drove exploration and motivated settlement Came over for various reasons-not just religion!

New Spain Spanish-Gold, God and Glory Mostly gold
Developed a strict hierarchical social structure Spanish converted native peoples mostly by force (encomienda system)

New France Fur traders Also converted natives but not by force

British Colonies British settlers brought with them the political traditions of the mother country. Examples: Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, the Rule of Law, Representative

British colonies New England -Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New Hampshire Mid-Atlantic (middle colonies) -New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania Southern colonies-Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

Thirteen Colonies

Religion What role did religion play in the colonial regions? New England colonies Influenced by Puritans Very intolerant of other religions

Religion Middle Colonies (Mid-Atlantic)
Pennsylvania-Quakers (peaceful, tolerant people) made for an accepting colony for people of other faiths (Holy Experiment) Maryland-established as a haven for Catholics Maryland Act of Toleration (1642)-

Religion Southern colonies Founded mainly for economic reasons.
Religion did not play a major part in settlement. The Church of England (Anglican Church) was the established church in the South. It was supported by colonial taxes.

Economic Development of the Regions
The economic development of the colonies was dependent upon their geographic location and the natural resources available to them. New England colonies Rocky soil (subsistent farmers) Shipbuilding, triangular trade, merchants, fishing

Economic Development Middle Colonies (Mid-Atlantic)
Agriculture, Commerce (export trade in food stuffs), limited industry (wagon building, etc)

Economic Development Southern Colonies Fertile soil to grow cash crops
Cash crops/staple crops: tobacco, rice, indigo Labor: slaves

Economic Development All colonies were affected by the British economic policy of mercantilism. Mercantilism is an economic policy that a country should export more than it imports so it can accumulate wealth.

Society of Each Region New England and Middle Colonies Initially developed a somewhat egalitarian society based on religious equality but class distinctions begin to emerge with economic prosperity (upper, middle, lower). Education was very important in New England society.

Society of Each Region Southern colonies South developed a hierarchical social structure because of their dependence on indentured servants and slaves and the plantation system. Visible class distinctions Large plantation owners headed Southern society. The slave system was transported to the Carolinas from Barbados.

Essential Questions Why did Spain and France come to the New World?
For Spain it was gold, God and glory. For France it was fur trade. What were the four major regions of British colonial settlement? New England colonies, Middle Colonies, Southern colonies, Caribbean colonies

Essential Questions What role did religion play in the colonial regions? Describe the society of each region. Describe the economic development of the region. What is mercantilism?

USHC-2 Revolution and a New Nation
American representative government developed during the colonial period as a result of both the ideas of representative government from England and the circumstances of the New World.

Development of the colonies
The Magna Carta recognized the rights of Englishmen to be consulted on the levying of taxes and to have their rights protected by a jury of their peers. Colonial charters granted by the King included statements declaring that English colonists continued to enjoy the rights of Englishmen.

Conflict After the 1720s’ the English government followed a policy of salutary neglect, leaving the colonists to govern themselves. It was the change in this policy that riled the colonists into revolt. The cost of the French and Indian War caused Great Britain to change their policy towards the colonies to achieve greater control of their empire and impose taxes to help pay the war debt.

Revolution and a New Nation
Colonial legislatures were soon in conflict with the royal governors. The colonial legislatures had the power of the purse. The assemblies had the right to levy taxes and they controlled the governor’s salary.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

What were the major causes of conflict?
Event Date Results French and Indian War (Seven Years War) Taxes to pay for defense of the colonies Stamp Act 1765 Purchase of stamps for all documents Boston Massacre 1770 Five men killed. British officer acquited. Boston Tea Party 1773 Sons of Liberty dumped tea into Boston Harbor. Resulting in Parliament passing the Intolerable Acts. Taxation After French and Indian War No more salutary nelect “No taxation without representation” Colonists wanted to be taxed by their own colonial assemblies.

English Political Tradition
English political tradition also included the rule of law. What is rule of law? It is the idea that everyone must obey the law for the good of society.

American Revolution Battle of Lexington and Concord
Shots heard round the world Direct cause of the war

Lexington and Concord

Breed’s Hill/Bunker Hill
First major battle of the war British won but lost many soldiers died. British heavy losses-over 800 dead and many wounded.

Bunker Hill

Representative government
What are examples of colonial representative government? House of Burgesses -Virginia landowners who made laws and governed themselves Mayflower Compact -Pilgrims establishing a charter to form a government in New England Town meetings -New England pure democracy where people of community discussed and voted on important issues for them (democratic local government)

Thomas Paine

Common Sense Highly popular pamphlet written by Thomas Paine
Paine argued for independence Led to the writing of the Declaration of Independence

Who was John Locke?

John Locke John Locke wrote The Social Contract arguing that man had natural rights to life, liberty and property. Locke also argued that the authority to govern rests on the will of the people.

Declaration of Independence
Justified the colonies right to rebel against the British It was addressed to those within the colonies who remained loyal to the King or were uncommitted. Listed the grievances against the King It made the case that the King, not Parliament, had violated the rights of the people. Be able to identify grievances as indirect causes of the American Revolution. By declaring independence, the Americans made it possible to enter into an alliance with other countries, most notably France.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Declaration The Declaration made the case that the King, not Parliament, had violated the rights of the colonists. By declaring their independence the Americans could now receive help from other nations. Following the Battle of Saratoga, America began to receive help from France.

Declaration As a result of help from the French navy, Americans won the battle of Yorktown. The ideas expressed in the Declaration had an impact on the newly formed state governments. States in the North passed laws for the gradual emancipation of slaves. States also provided for freedom of religion.

Declaration of Independence
The Declaration also had worldwide impact. The French Revolution and revolutions in Latin America was modeled on the American Declaration of Independence.

Americans Who were the Whigs?
These Americans were also know as Patriots and were opposed to King George III and his policies toward the colonies. Who were the Tories? These Americans were also called Loyalists and believed in remaining loyal to Britain and the King.

British Advantages World’s largest navy which could blockade American ports Experienced veteran army Experienced officer corps Outnumbered Americans at the field army level Support from Tories in colonies Indian allies Greater population ( 7.5 million to 2.5 million)

American Advantages Large territory to conquer and control (almost size of Europe) Long line of supplies from Britain British had mediocre leadership at home British had limited financial resources to put down a rebellion Americans were basically fighting a defensive war The Patriots had a cause to fight for

First Political Cartoon

Important Battles Battle Date Results Bunker Hill/Breed’s Hill Trenton
December 1776 Successful surprise attack on a Hessian outpost which kept Washington’s army intact and gave it new hope Saratoga Oct. 1777 Turning point of the American Revolution in favor of the Patriots France becomes our ally Yorktown Oct. 1781 Final major battle of the war. Americans won with the help of the French fleet. Cornwallis surrenders to Washington.

Articles of Confederation 1781-1789
Established by the Second Continental Congress Provided a government for the country throughout the Revolution Each state had one vote in a unicameral legislature and there was no separate executive and judicial branch.

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law]. 13 out of 13 to amend. Representatives were frequently absent. Could not tax or raise armies. No executive or judicial branches.

Articles of Confederation
Helped to guide country through the Revolution Was able to negotiate the treaty, Treaty of Paris, ending the American Revolution Settled land disputes between states over territory in the West Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787-This established criteria for territories to become states and kept slavery out of the Northwest Territory.

Articles Of Confederation

Article of Confederation
Soon after the Revolution, Americans found that the Articles was too weak to meet the needs of the new nation. Could not resolve conflicts between states Could not solve trade problems with other nations Could not deal stop rebellions against the government –Shays’s Rebellion

Articles Articles required unanimous consent of all the states to be amended.

Time for a change British broke off trade with Americans
Shays’s Rebellion-farmers in Massachusetts marched to close the courts to prevent foreclosures on their farms

Constitutional Convention

Purpose of the Constitution
The Articles of Confederation was designed to be a weak central government but was not effective. The purpose of the Constitution was to provide a more effective central government while at the same time limiting the power of the government over the states and the people.

Sovereignty Under the Articles of Confederation, sovereignty lay with the states. Under the Constitution the authority to govern derives not from the states but from the people as evidenced by the language, “We the People”

Time: 1787 Place: Philadelphia Purpose: To change the Articles

• 55 DELEGATES •ALL STATES EXCEPT Rhode Island •George Washington -PRESIDENT OF THE CONVENTION • James Madison-“FATHER OF THE CONSTITUTION”

Arguments and Compromises
REPRESENTATION Virginia PLAN-Bicameral Congress House REPRESENTATION BASED ON population New Jersey PLAN-UNICAMERAL HOUSE AND EQUAL REPRESENTATION Great Compromise-BICAMERAL CONGRESS BASED ON POPULATION IN THE HOUSE AND equal IN THE SENATE

SLAVERY •WOULD THE SLAVES COUNT IN THE POPULATION Three-fifths Compromise -SLAVES COUNTED AS 3/5s of a person •The slave trade would end in 1808.

SLAVERY •WOULD THE SLAVES COUNT IN THE POPULATION ____________Compromise -SLAVES COUNTED AS 3 PEOPLE •The slave trade would end in ______

PRESIDENT HOW WOULD THE PRESIDENT BE ELECTED? POPULAR VOTE OR REPRESENTATIVES VOTE Electoral college selects the President. WE ELECT THE PRESIDENT INDIRECTLY.

Ratification Federalists -FOR THE CONSTITUTION
•EXS: JEFFERSON AND MADISON Anti-Federalists-AGAINST THE CONSTITUTION •IT TOOK nine STATES TO RATIFY THE CONSTITUTION The major objection of the Ant-Federalists was the lack of a Bill of Rights.

Federalist Papers

Federalist Papers WRITTEN BY Hamilton, Madison and Jay
EXPLAINED AND ENCOURAGED ratification of the Constitution

System of Checks and Balances
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSTITUTION CHECKS AND BALANCES WHEN ONE BRANCH CHECKS ANOTHER BRANCH‟S POWER Example: PRESIDENTIAL veto OF A LAW PASSED BY CONGRESS

Enumerated Powers Article I, Section 8
DELEGATED POWERS-POWERS GIVEN TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT BY THE STATES Examples: coin money, declare war, regulate trade between states, regulate immigration...they are powers that belong only to the federal government.

Reserved Powers POWERS RESERVED TO THE STATES
Establish local governments Establish and maintain schools Regulate business within the state Marriage laws assume to the states other powers not delegated to the government or the states

Bill of Rights The first ten amendments to the Constitution.
Added by the first Congress in 1791. The purpose of the Bill of Rights was to limit the power of the national government by recognizing the rights that belong to the people and are protected from abuse by the government.

Hamilton v. Jefferson Issues Hamilton Jefferson
Bank of the United States “elastic clause” Interpretation of the Constitution Strong central government Tariff French Revolution Tax on whiskey Jay Treaty Economy Political Party

John Marshall ( ) Appointed by President John Adams (Federalist).

John Marshall and the Supreme Court
The principals and ideas of the Constitution were strengthened by the decisions of the Marshall Court which established a strong federal government that was supreme over the states. The Marshall Court is an example that presidential power is felt long after the administration is over through presidential appointment of justices who hold political ideas similar to the president’s own.

Decisions of the Marshall Court
The ruling of the Marshall Court in Marbury v. Madison (1803) began the enduring precedent of judicial review as a vital part of the checks and balances system. This was a landmark decision because it was the first time that the court claimed for itself the right of the judicial review, the right to determine the constitutionality of an act of Congress.

Marshall Court The Marshall Court continued to strengthen the role of the federal government in other cases. Another case is McCullough v Maryland The Constitution grants to Congress the power for implementing the Constitution’s express powers, in order to create a functional national government. State action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the national government.

Standard 3 Westward Expansion and Growing Sectionalism
Prior to the Civil War, westward movement impacted the relations between the regions as Southerners pushed for expansion of slavery and “free-soilers” demanded that slavery be banned in the territories. Railroad construction prior to the Civil War impacted the growing tensions between the regions as Northerners and Southerners vied for routes to the Pacific Ocean.

Railroad Transcontinental railroad completed in Build by immigrant labor-Irish and Chinese. In 1893, Historian, Frederick Jackson Turner, advanced the frontier thesis. This was the idea of the importance of the frontier in the shaping of American culture and strong American character.

Transcontinental Railroad completion

Compromises over slavery and expansion
Missouri Compromise (1820) Compromise of 1850 Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

US Land Acquisitions Treaty of Paris-1783
British territory-Appalachian Mountains to Mississippi River Louisiana Purchase-1803 Purchased from France Land from Appalachian Mountains to Rocky Mountains Florida Purchase Treaty-1819 (Adams-Onis Treaty) Acquisition of Florida

Land Acquisitions Republic of Texas-1845
Admitted by a joint resolution of Congress Oregon Territory/Oregon Country (54-40 or Fight!) Acquired by treaty from Great Britain Mexican Cession-1848 Acquired as a result of Mexican War

Mexican Cession

Manifest Destiny The belief that it was part of God’s plan for the United States to expand from coast to coast (a God-given right to all the land of the North American continent).

Manifest Destiny

“Gone to Texas” Americans were allowed to settle in Mexican territory if the settlers did not bring their slaves. Americans from the South continued to settle and continued to bring their slaves. When the Mexican government passed laws to limit slavery, the Texans revolted.

Texas War for Independence 1836

Texas War for Independence 1836
Texas War for Independence/Texas Revolution Texas independence was not recognized by Mexico. Texas was annexed to the United States by joint resolution of Congress.

Mexican War Background
The Mexican War and United States argued over the boundary between the two countries. The US said the boundary was the Rio Grande River and Mexico said it was Nueces River. President Polk sends troops to the disputed area. American troops are fired upon. Polk claims “American blood on American soil”.

Mexican War America wins the war and a large area of territory called Mexican Cession. The Mexican War resulted in adversarial relationship between the United States and Mexico until the 20th century.

Monroe Doctrine 1823

Monroe Doctrine 1823 Issued by President James Monroe
Said that the western hemisphere was no longer open for settlement American military power was very limited at this time and the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine was dependent upon the British navy.

Monroe Doctrine 1823

Native Americans and Expansion
Lost their land to White settlers “Trail of Tears”-forced removal of the _________ Indian Wars Near extinction of the __________

Trail of Tears

Trail of Tears Indian Removal Act (1830)
Forced removal of the Cherokee 800 mile march to Oklahoma Over 25% of Cherokees died from disease

Dawes Act 1887 Passed by Congress in 1887
Abolished tribal organizations and divided up reservations for the purpose of allotting land to individual Native American families. The Dawes Act was a failure.

Conflict Between the North and South
Tariff National Bank Internal improvements Expansion of slavery North South West

Standard 4-Civil War and Reconstruction

African Americans Antebellum America
African Americans lived in all sections of the country. Although job opportunities for Blacks were better in the North, Blacks were not granted civil or political rights. De facto segregation was practiced throughout the North.

As the country expanded westward the issue of the spread of slavery became heated. The admission of new states to the Union threatened to upset the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states.

Moving toward War “a fire bell in the night”
One of the first efforts at compromise was the Missouri Compromise of Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state and Maine would enter the Union as a free state. All states below the 36 degree 30 minute line would be slave states.

Missouri Compromise 1820

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist Movement
The abolitionist movement gained momentum in the 1830s. Among the key members of this movement was William Lloyd Garrison. Garrison was the editor of The Liberator and helped establish the American Anti-Slavery Society. The Liberator was banned in the South.

Abolition Most Northerners were not abolitionists.
Abolitionists were not popular in the North. Abolitionists helped some slaves to escape through the underground railroad. Important African-American abolitionists were Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman.

Harriet Beecher Stowe Abolitionist, Harriet Beecher Stowe, was successful because her book, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), reached many Northern readers and convinced them of the horrors of slavery.

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896)
So this is the lady who started the Civil War Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.
2 million in a decade!

Women’s Rights Movement
Leaders of the women’s rights movement were Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Stanton and Mott organized the first women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848-Seneca Falls Convention. In the Seneca Falls Declaration presented a list of issues such as the right of education, to own property, divorce and suffrage.

Mexican War and Wilmot Proviso
A bill authored by Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania Provided that slavery would not be allowed in any new territory acquired from Mexico Passed in the House but defeated in the Senate

Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay
California enters the Union as a free state A tougher Fugitive Slave law

Compromise of 1850

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 Opened the territories to popular sovereignty. Popular sovereignty would allow the voters to decide the issue of slavery Led to “Bleeding Kansas” and the Sumner Brooks Affair.

Sumner-Brooks Affair

Republican Party 1854 Supported the idea of free soil
Free soil meant that slavery would not expand into the territories. The Republicans advocated that slavery should not be extended into the territories (free soil) but NOT abolition.

Scott v. Sanford/Dred Scott Decision/Ded Scott Case
Supreme Court decision-1857 Justice Roger Taney (appointed by President Andrew Jackson) Declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. Said that slaves were property and therefore could not be denied to slave owners regardless of where they took their slaves

John Brown’s Raid 1859 Radical Abolitionist Martyr to the North
Hanged for treason

Southern Secession Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln, wins the Presidential election of 1860. Southern states believed that Lincoln would not allow slavery to expand into the territories. Thus the balance of power in the Senate would be upset and Congress would eventually abolish slavery. Eventually 11 southern states seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America.

Advantages of the North
Greater economic resources Industrial capacity Miles of railroad Manpower Navy

Political Leadership Another advantage of the North was political leadership. President Lincoln was able to articulate the purpose of the as the preservation of the Union and to retain sufficient public support to continue the fight despite initial military defeats.

Advantages of the South
Military leadership Geography Depended on the power of cotton and their trade with Great Britain The Northern blockade of Southern ports effectively disrupted this trade throughout the war.

Strategy of the North Splitting the South at the Mississippi River
and taking the capital at Richmond (Anaconda Plan)

Anaconda Plan

Strategy of the South To defend their region until the North tired of the war effort and quit Confederate forces invaded the North twice in an effort to gain foreign support and hasten the end of the war but were repulsed at Antietam and defeated at Gettysburg.

Emancipation Proclamation January, 1863
President Lincoln demonstrated his political skills by his handling of the issue of the Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln issued the Emancipation to change the purpose of the war. By making the goal the liberation of slaves , Lincoln made it impossible for the British to support the Southern cause.

Emancipation Proclamation
Ended European support for the war Caused internal problems for the South Allowed African-Americans to serve in the military (54th Massachusetts) Slavery would be ended by the Thirteenth Amendment (1865).

Finding a general who fights
Ulysses S. Grant changed the war strategy to total war. General William T. Sherman fought a war of attrition in his “March to the Sea” (Atlanta to Savannah).

Appomattox Courthouse

Important Battles Battle Date Results Bull Run/Manassas 1861
CSA victory. North realizes that it is going to be a long hard war. Battle of Antietam 1862 This “victory” allows Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation Battle of Vicksburg 1863 CSA is divided. Battle of Gettysburg Turning point of the war in favor of the Union Battle of Atlanta Defeating Southern morale Appomattox Courthouse 1865 Lee surrenders to Grant

Reconstruction Presidential Reconstruction (Lincoln and Johnson) was to allow the South to return to full participation in the government. Southern legislatures passed the Black Codes and elected former Confederates to office. Radical Reconstruction was controlled by Republicans in Congress. This plan broke the South into five military districts.

Reconstruction Amendments
13th- Freed slaves throughout the United States 14th- Overturned the Dred Scott decision by recognizing the citizenship of African Americans 15th –Right to vote for all male citizens (and vote Republican)

Reconstruction governments in the South
Freedmen were able to exercise the right to vote and to hold elected office. Most Southern governments were not controlled by Freedmen. Carpetbaggers-Republicans who came South Scalawags-Southerners who worked with Northerners

Reconstruction Governments
African Americans were elected to the House and Senate, representing Southern states, but no African American was elected governor. The South continued as an agricultural area but now depended on sharecropping rather than slave labor. The election of 1876 led to the withdrawal of federal troops.

African Americans After the Civil War, some African Americans moved to the West, such as Exodusters who went to Kansas, however most freedmen stayed in the South. The Freedmen’s Bureau established schools for African American children. No land was permanently given to African Americans (No “forty acres and a mule” happened)

“Redeemers” Methods used by Southern Whites to limit rights of Blacks:
Poll tax Literacy test Grandfather clause These laws limited the effectiveness of the 15th amendment.

Test-Terms 1. Divide your paper into three sections.
2. Label sections , , 3. Number from 1 to 15. 4. Identifications-5 from each section 5. Bonus Section: Washington-Domestic and Foreign Jefferson - Domestic and Foreign Jackson Domestic and Foreign

Identify Explain your term in one or two sentences. Why is your term in the history books? Example: John Peter Zenger Trial The trial provided a major symbolic victory for freedom of the press in the American colonies.

African Leaders Booker T. Washington Founded Tuskegee Institute
Advocated a vocational education

The Supreme Court Plessy v. Ferguson 1896
In the 1890s, Southern legislatures passed segregation laws (de jure). In 1895, Homer Plessy took his case to court. The Supreme Court ruled that Jim Crow laws were legal.

Standard 5-Rise of Big Business, Populism, and Progressivism
Industrial Growth How did corporations evolve? Owned by stock holders Began before Civil War but grew after the Civil war with the use of corporate mergers and monopolies.

How did government aid industry?
Subsidies to railroad and other businesses Increased immigration which brought in cheap labor High protective tariffs Expansion of overseas markets No corporate tax or income tax

Rags to Riches Stories Horatio Alger stories of “rags to riches” success provided support for the myth that anyone could make it if they worked hard enough.

Captains of Industry Some businessmen made their money through unethical means. The term applied to them was robber barons.

Tycoons of the late 1800s Cornelius Vanderbilt made his money in the railroad industry.

Tycoons of the late 1800s (Robber Barons)
John D. Rockefeller Made his millions in oil Standard Oil Company First trust/monopoly

Corporate Giants Andrew Carnegie made his money in the steel industry
Carnegie believed that wealthy individuals had an obligation to give back to society. He expressed this in “The Gospel of Wealth”. Carnegie improved his public image by giving money to libraries and universities.

Carnegie Steel Carnegie took control of the steel industry using a method called vertical integration. Vertical integration means controlling a product from raw material to finished product.

John D. Rockefeller Horizontal Integration
This means merging with other companies that make the same product. Eliminate the competition.

Social Darwinism Captains of industry justified their sometimes unethical practices with the ideologies of Social Darwinism and laissez faire capitalism. Social Darwinism meant the “survival of the fittest in business” Laissez faire capitalism meant the government would not regulate business.

How did industrialization cause problems for farmers?
Children left the land to work in the cities Mechanization increased supply, but farmers overproduced which meant prices fell. Many small farmers were in constant debt.

How did farmers try to solve their problems?
Tried to organize-The Grange and the Populist Party Supported laws to regulate the railroads Wanted an inflated currency (unlimited coinage of silver)

Early attempts by government to regulate industry
Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890) was an early attempt to regulate trusts. Interstate Commerce Act (1887) regulated railroads.

Populist Party Also called the People’s Party
Supported candidates for political office Omaha Platform-1890 Free and unlimited coinage of silver Direct election of Senators Secret Ballot Graduated income tax Government ownership of large industry

Election of 1896 William Jennings Bryan-Democrat (supported by Populist) (“Cross of Gold Speech”) William McKinley-Republican Party (Front Porch Campaign) Major issue of the campaign: Who should government protect: business or the farmers?

Election of 1896 “Cross of Gold Speech”

Problems of Workers Low pay Long working hours
Unsafe working conditions Child labor

Labor Unions Knights of Labor First major labor union
Open to all regardless of gender, race or level of skill (both skilled and unskilled) The association of the Knights of Labor with the violence (anarchism) Haymarket Square Riot led to its demise.

Haymarket Square Riot 1886

American Federation of Labor
Founded by Samuel Gompers-1886 Organized only skilled workers Worked for issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions

Industrial Workers of the World IWW
Known as the “Wobblies” Founded in 1905 Advocated the overthrow of capitalism

Progressive Movement The Progressive Movement developed in response to the problems of the cities and the problems of the workers.

Jane Addams Jane Addams introduced the settlement house to America. At Hull House, immigrants received vocational classes and childcare help.

Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt was the first Progressive President. He was the first president to support the rights of workers.

Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt supported government regulation of the railroads and regulation of industry. Roosevelt was known as the “trust-buster”.

Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt protected the consumer with his championing of the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act.

Woodrow Wilson Wilson was also a progressive president. He encouraged Congress to pass the Clayton Anti-Trust Act (which Samuel Gompers called the Magna Carta of Labor). It allowed labor unions to be exempt from anti-trust laws.

Woodrow Wilson Congress also passed the 16th (income tax) and 17th (direct election of Senators). During Wilson’s administration the first federal child labor laws act was passed.

African American Leaders
Booker T. Washington, founder of Tuskegee Institute, advocated vocational training for African Americans.

W.E.B. DuBois W.E.B. DuBois argued that African Americans should have the opportunity for any education that fit their talents and promoted the development of the “Talent Tenth”.

End of Progressive Reform
Most Progressive initiatives were stopped as a result of World War I.

Standard 6 The Rise of Imperialism and Intervention

Expansionism of the late 1900s
The expansionism of the late 1900s was motivated by the desire to secure markets. It reached beyond the contiguous United States.

Intervention The United States moved from isolationism to interventionism because of a need for raw materials and new markets for the developing industries and expanding capitalism. Social Darwinism also influenced American expansionism. Another factor was the closing of the frontier.

Spanish American War-1898 Reasons US declared war on Spain
Humanitarian desire to support the rights of Cubans against the Spanish Increased naval power (Alfred Mahan) Yellow journalism

Anti-imperialistic Cartoon

Imperialism President McKinley

War-1898 The direct cause of the war was the explosion of the USS Maine in Hanna harbor.

Results of the War The United States emerged from the war as a world power. The United States acquired the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico. The United States gained control of Cuba. The US faced armed resistance in the Philippines (the Philippine Insurrection).

American Grows Overseas

Open Door Policy-1900 European countries had special trade relations with China. US Secretary of State, John Hay, released a series of diplomatic notes asking that the US have equal opportunity to trade in China.

Open Door Policy The Open Door Policy led to increased economic opportunity for the United States. The success of the Open Door Policy was due to the support from leading world powers.

Roosevelt Corollary The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine described the United States as a policemen who would keep the European powers from intervening in the Western Hemisphere.

William Howard Taft William Howard Taft supported dollar diplomacy, promising to protect the investments of American businesses in Latin America.

Woodrow Wilson President vowed to use “moral diplomacy” to intervene in Mexico to “teach the Mexicans to elect good men”.

Moral Diplomacy

Causes of the World War I : M.A.I.N.
Militarism A Secret Alliances I Imperialism N Nationalism

World War I ( ) At the outbreak of World War I, the United States declared neutrality. But various factors challenged US neutrality and led the involvement of the United States. World War I began in The United States entered in 1917.

Reasons US became involved
Business interests with the Allies Our traditional connection with the British German policy of submarine warfare Sinking of the Lusitania Zimmerman note President Wilson wanting to make the world “safe for democracy”.

Zimmerman Note

Treaty of Versailles-1918 Wilson took at leadership role at the Versailles Conference. Wilson wanted a peace based on the Fourteen Points which he hoped would eliminate many of the causes of the war. The other allies did not agree with Wilson and imposed a war guilt clause and reparations payments on Germany.

Treaty of Versailles The Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and did not become a member of the League of Nations.

Standard 7 The 1920s and 1930s

Economic Boom By the 1920s, electric energy fueled most of American industry which brought hardship to the coal industry. Mass production techniques, such as Henry Ford’s assembly lines introduced in 1913 for the automobile brought radios, refrigerators and other new products to the marketplace. Mass production marginalized the skilled worker (loss of individuality as a worker).

Farmers Farmers suffered through an economic depression when World War I brought a loss of markets and surpluses (overproduction) led to low prices and foreclosures. The gap between the ‘haves’ and the ‘have-nots’ increased during the 1920s.

Installment Plans Installment plans encouraged people to change their attitudes about debt. This philosophy (buy now, pay later) stimulated the economy at first, but later proved harmful.

Mass Media The mass media advertised goods that many could not afford.
The availability of new home appliances (washing machines, electric irons, and vacuum cleaners) led to some social changes for women. Women were able to do their household chores more easily. However, it led to no significant change in their position in the society or the economy.

Transportation Transportation helped to change urban life.
The automobile changed living conditions and dating patterns for those who could afford to buy a car. Suburbs grew but not a much as in the 1950s. Aviation had little impact on the average American who could not afford to fly.

Culture of the 1920s The migration of African Americans to segregated neighborhoods in the cities of the North and Midwest bought about a cultural renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance brought recognition and pride to Black artists, particularly musicians.

Literature The literature of the 1920s rejected the thinking of the WWI era and questioned the materialism of the 1920s. The Lost Generation called American cultural values into question.

Art of 1920s Art of the 1920s also reflected the conflict between the traditional and modern world. Georgia O’Keefe revolutionized modern art.

Impact of radio and movies
What impact did radio and movies have on society? Led to Jazz Age Promoted a shared national culture Advertised materialism Fostered the resurgence of KKK

Jazz Louis Armstrong was a noted jazz musician of the time period.

Movies Movies portrayed materialism and racist themes as seen in the popular film “Birth of a Nation” (directed by D.W. Griffith-1915) that fostered a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan.

Social Change The 1920s are often seen as a time of booming prosperity but not everyone experienced this. The social changes that occurred were a result of industrialization, immigration, and urbanization. By the 1920s, more than half of the population live in cities.

Palmer Raids-1920s The Russian Revolution alarmed many Americans. Some feared that such a revolution might occur here. This led to a period called the Red Scare. In the Palmer Raids (Attorney General Mitchell Palmer), the federal government rounded up 4,000 suspected communists who were held without bond (600 were deported).

Sacco and Vanzetti (1927) Sacco and Vanzetti were confirmed anarchists and accused of robbing an armored car and killing a guard. Many believed Sacco and Vanzetti were persecuted for their views. Sacco and Vanzetti were found guilty and executed.

100% American The 1920s were also a time of extreme nativism and xenophobia. Congress passed The National Origins Act of 1924 which severely limited immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe(immigrant quotas). Asians were banned entirely.

19th Amendment-1920 Women won suffrage through the 19th amendment. Women did not make politics more moral as they had promised and typically voted as their husbands voted.

Prohibition The 18th Amendment prohibited the sale and distribution of alcohol but its consumption. Illegal sources (bootlegger and speakeasies) filled the demand for alcohol.

18th Amendment-1920 Neither the federal or local governments had the manpower to stop this illegal trade or the organized crime that grew as a result of bootlegging business. The 21st Amendment passed in 1933 repealed the 18th Amendment and ended prohibition.

Conflict The conflict between religion and science also caused anxiety in the 1920s. A revival movement at the beginning of the century led to the development of religious fundamentalism.

Scopes Trial/Monkey Trial 1925
Tennessee law forbade the teaching of evolution. John Scopes, a young biology teacher, purposefully defied the law in order to bring a test case. Scopes was arrested and defended by the American Civil Liberties Union. The case resolved nothing. John Scopes was fined. The argument over evolution continues today.

The Lawyers Clarence Darrow for the defense
William Jennings Bryan for the state of Tennessee

Scopes Trial Cartoon

Great Depression The stock market crash of 1929 was not the only cause of the Great Depression was an out ward sign of the long term problems within the economy. The crash signaled the start of the Great Depression. The basic underlying problems were overproduction and declining demand.

Stock Market The stock was not regulated and investors were allowed to buy on the margin. The Federal Reserve poorly managed the stock market and interest rates.

Lives The Great Depression greatly impacted the lives of many Americans. Unemployment reached 25%. Americans did not have unemployment insurance. “Runs” on the bank took place when Americans tried to withdraw their savings. The panicked rush of withdrawals often caused banks to collapse and many investors lost their savings.

Test-Terms 1. Divide your paper into three sections.
2. Label sections , , 3. Number from 1 to 15. 4. Identifications-5 from each section 5. Bonus Section: Theodore Roosevelt-Domestic and Foreign Woodrow Wilson - Domestic and Foreign Franklin Roosevelt - Domestic and Foreign

Dust Bowl The Dust Bowl affected the environment and also produced additional human tragedy.

Images Soup Kitchen

Images Hoovervilles

Images Okies

Election of 1933 Franklin Roosevelt, Democrat, was elected President in 1933.

Cartoon FDR and New Deal

FRD and New Deal

Court Packing Plan

New Deal legislation The New Deal was not socialism.
The New Deal saved capitalism and it gave the American people hope. Although New Deal programs alleviated suffering and helped many Americans. The New Deal programs did not end the Great Depression. The Great Depression was ended by the spending necessary to fight World War II.

New Deal Programs Each of the agencies established was intended to address the goals of relief, recovery, and reform.

First New Deal The first New Deal was started during the First Hundred Days. Roosevelt declared a banking holiday to inspect banks and stop future collapse of the banking industry. Roosevelt addressed the nation in a fireside chat and advised Americans to trust in the banks.

Lasting Reform Programs
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation(FDIC)-regulated the stock market Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)-regulated the stock market to prevent the conditions that to the crash Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)- addressed the problem of overproduction by paying farmers not to plant so many crops

First New Deal Programs
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)-built dams to generate electricity for Americans in several states Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)-unemployed young men were given work in the nations’ parks Works Progress Administration (WPA)-set precedent for federal support of the arts

Thunder from the right and left
The New Deal was criticized by both liberals and conservatives. The Second New Deal was a response to these critics. Some conservatives labeled the ideas as socialism. Some liberals labeled the ideas as fascism.

Second New Deal The Second New Deal placed emphasis on reform while maintaining relief and recovery.

Social Security Social Security developed as an insurance plan for the unemployed, the disabled, the elderly and dependent children. Social Security did not help the problems with the Depression because it took money out of paychecks and did not give immediate returns. Social Security is one of the most significant and enduring of the New Deal programs.

African Americans and the New Deal
African Americans were not protected by the New Deal programs. African Americans were the last hired and first fired. However African Americans issues were given some attention by the Roosevelt Administration (“Black Cabinet” and Fair Employment Commission) Consequently Northern Blacks began to vote for the Democratic Party.

Women and the Great Depression
Women during the Great Depression had to “use it up, wear it out, make it do, or do without”. The New Deal legislation did not address the specific problems of women. Many New Deal programs were just for men. Women still faced discrimination in the work force. Roosevelt did appoint the first woman to a cabinet position, Frances Perkins.

DBQ Essay 1. Read the question.
2. Underline key words in the question. 3. Brainstorm terms, people, places, ideas related to the question. This is outside information. 4. Read the documents. Make notes beside the ones that you know. This is inside information. 5. Write the introductory paragraph. Write on the thesis. Use the documents to support the thesis. 6. Write a standard five paragraph essay using the documents to support your ideas.

DBQ Essay 7. Indicate the documents that you use.
8. Don’t quote documents directly.

Practice DBQ Essay The issue of territorial sparked considerable debate in the period Analyze this debate and evaluate the influence of both supporters and opponents of territorial expansion in shaping federal government policy. Use the documents and your knowledge of the years in your answer.

Practice DBQ Essay Analyze the international and domestic challenges the United States faced between 1968 and 1974, and evaluate how President Richard Nixon’s administration responded to them.

DBQ Practice Analyze the responses of Franklin Roosevelt’s administration to the problems of the Great Depression. How effective were these responses? How did they change the role of the federal government?

Rise of Dictatorships World War I, the Treaty of Versailles and economic depression laid the groundwork for the rise of totalitarian regimes in Italy and Germany. Mussolini became the dictator of Italy. Hitler became the dictator of Germany. Tojo became the military dictator of Japan. Propaganda was used as an effective tool by these leaders to control their countries.

Standard 8 World War II

Mussolini and Hitler

Two Leaders Both Hitler and Roosevelt came into office in 1933 amidst the social and economic upheaval of the Great Depression. Roosevelt told the American people that we “have nothing to fear but fear itself”. Hitler told the German people that the Jews were the source of all Germany’s problems.

World War II Begins The German invasion of Poland in 1939 led to war in Europe. Congress passed a series of neutrality acts to keep America out of war. Roosevelt tried to change America’s policy from isolationism to international involvement.

Progressive Involvement
With Roosevelt’s leadership the United States became more involved in support of the Allies. “Cash and Carry” Destroyers-for-Bases Deal Lend Lease

Leadership Roosevelt’s commitment to oppose German and Japanese aggression was evidenced by the Quarantine Speech and the signing of the Atlantic Charter.

Pearl Harbor The Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 forced the United States to officially abandon its policy of isolationism.

Battles European Theater
Operation Torch (invasion of North Africa)-purpose to take pressure off USSR Battle of Stalingrad-Turning point of the war on the eastern front D-Day Invasion-provided long awaited second front against the Axis powers Battle of the Bulge-last German offensive and the beginning of the end for the Nazis.

D-Day Invasion June 1944

Battles in the Pacific Theater
Battle of Coral Sea- Turning point of the war in the Pacific that saved Australia from invasion Battle of Midway-Stopped the Japanese advances in the Pacific and put them on the defensive Island hopping-Take islands that would get the US closer to attacking the Japanese mainland.

Truman’s Decision The decision by President Truman to drop the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was designed to prevent large number of American casualties.

Destruction and Death

Mobilization on the Home Front
The fighting of World War II required the total mobilization of the economy, the government and society. To finance the war, propaganda campaigns were organized to get Americans to buy war bonds.

Home Front Although citizens were urged to plant victory gardens and conserve resources, persuasion was not enough. Rationing of scarce resources was made mandatory through the allocation of ration coupon booklets.

Rationing

Home Front and Women Because young men were needed on the battle field, women were urged to join the workforce and often took male jobs. “Rosie the Riveter” became an icon of the period.

Nuremberg Trials At the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials, 24 Nazi officers and civilians were charged with crimes against humanity. Although many pleaded that they were “just following orders”, the death sentence of 12 Nazis demonstrated that individuals were responsible for their own actions.

Nuremberg War Crime Trials

Advancements in Technology
What advancements were made in technology as a result of World War II? radar, microwaves, computers and synthetic rubber

Advances in Medicine The postwar period also saw medical advancements that impacted the health of the American people. Advances included the polio vaccine, use of penicillin, open heart surgery These life-saving techniques impacted demographic patterns as Americans lived longer and the infant mortality rate fell.

Agricultural Technology
The demand for foodstuffs during the war and prosperity of the postwar period led to improvement in agricultural technology. These advances included: chemical fertilizers, disease resistant strains of grain crops. The use of chemicals and pesticides would result in damage to the environment and global warming.

Standard 7-Cold War Era

Social and Cultural Changes
Educational programs expanded as result of postwar conditions. Veterans returning home from war took advantage of the GI Bill (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act) to attend college and trade schools. The baby boom led to an increase in the number of school age children and placed a strain on the educational system.

Social and Cultural Changes
Returning veterans who married and began families needed more housing, spurring suburbanization (growth of the suburbs).

Origins of the Cold War The origins of the Cold War lay in the mutual suspicions of the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. that grew out of basic ideological, economic and political differences. (Problems began during World War II over the Second Front)

Germany Germany was divided between the Western allies (USA, Great Britain, and France) and the Soviet Union. Berlin (capital of Germany) was also divided.

February, 1946 U.S. diplomat to the USSR, George Kennan, suggested that the USA follow a policy of containment concerning communism. Containment (keeping communism within its present territories)was initially carried out by the Truman Doctrine.

Containment Cartoon

March 1946 By 1946, the US-USSR tensions had gone public.
Winston Churchill said that an “Iron Curtain” has descended upon Europe.

Truman Doctrine March 12, 1947 President Truman asked Congress for $400 million to fight communism in Greece and Turkey. His speech outlined a policy that became known as the Truman Doctrine. It pledged the United States to fight communism worldwide.

June 1947 The Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan (European Recovery Plan) was designed to help Europe rebuild. This plan was also designed to help countries resist the appeal of communism.

Berlin Airlift June 1948 The first test of US policy was the Berlin blockade. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin ordered the blockade of Berlin (his goal was to get the US to abandon West Berlin). For 11 months, cargo planes supplied Berliners with food, medicine and coal. Stalin finally lifted the blockade. This showed the determination of the USA to stand by Berlin.

Berlin Airlift

Berlin Airlift Cartoon

NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established a military alliance aimed at the USSR.

Who Lost China? After a long civil war, China under the leadership of American-backed nationalist Chiang Kai-shek, fell to communist forces led by Mao Tse-tung. The nationalists fled to Taiwan (Formosa). China became two countries.

Korean War 1950 North Korea invades South Korea.
President Truman believed that the attacks were influenced by the Soviet Union. Most of the financial support and troops for the Korean War ( ) came from the United States. When US forces approached the Chinese Border, the communist Chinese attacked.

Korean War When US forces approached the Chinese Border, the communist Chinese attacked and drove the US forces back to the 38th parallel. The Korean War was a victory for containment at a cost of 34,000 lives.

President Dwight Eisenhower 1953-1961
Eisenhower was the President at the end of the Korean War. Eisenhower believed in the domino theory, the belief that if one country in Southeast Asia fell to communism so would others.

Vietnam Eisenhower applied the domino theory to Vietnam.
When the French lost in Vietnam, Eisenhower sent military advisers to South Vietnam.

Red Scare A Red Scare developed in the US over fears of communist.
Republican Joseph McCarthy accused Americans of being communist. McCarthy used the tactic of the Big Lie.

McCarthyism McCarthy’s “witch hunt” finally ended when televised hearings showed what a bully McCarthy was.

Warsaw Pact 1955 The Soviet Union organized the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance of Eastern European nations and the USSR against NATO.

Space Race 1957 The Space Race took off in 1957 when the Soviets launched the first satellite (Sputnik) to orbit the earth. Congress passed the National Defense Education Act to promote science and math skills.

John F. Kennedy

Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban exiles trained by CIA invaded Cuba at the Bay of Pigs hoping to initiate a popular uprising against Cuban leader, Castro. The invasion failed and US prestige suffered.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall was built dividing East and West Berlin. It became a symbol of the Cold War.

Vietnam President Kennedy increased the number of military advisers sent to South Vietnam. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963. Lyndon Johnson became our president.

Lyndon Johnson

Lyndon Johnson Johnson continued Kennedy’s policies in Vietnam.
In 1964, the Gulf of Tonkin Incident led Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution which authorized the buildup of American troops to help the South Vietnamese. War was never declared.

Operation Rolling Thunder
Johnson initiated Operation Rolling Thunder, a bombing campaign against North Vietnam. Americans began to protest against the war. Vietnam was becoming an unpopular war.

Protest Movement Vietnam was becoming an unpopular war.
Americans, especially college students, began to protest American involvement in the war.

Tet Offensive In January 1968, media coverage of the Tet Offensive showed the Viet Cong forces could attack anywhere and anytime. The news about the Tet Offensive turned public opinion even more against the war. President Johnson announced that he would not run for reelection in 1968.

Anti-Johnson Cartoon

Johnson’s Legacy Johnson’s Great Society legislation led to the establishment of Medicare and Medicaid. Johnson declared a “war on poverty”. His legislation included Head Start and the National Endowment for the Arts. His attempts to fund both “guns and butter” led to inflation and the inability to full fund domestic initiatives.

Richard Nixon ( )

Environment The Democratic Congress passed and President Nixon signed into law landmark environmental legislation in the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts and the Endangered Species Act. Nixon also established the Environmental Protection Agency in response to public concerns reflected in the first celebration of Earth Day.

Nixon and Vietnam Nixon had promised in the election to end the war.
Nixon did begin a policy of Vietnamization. But at the same time, he escalated American involvement. The Paris Peace Accords officially ended the war in Vietnam in 1973.

Nixon and China Nixon began talks with China.
Nixon pursued a policy of rapprochement with China in order to drive a wedge between the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China

Nixon and Russia Nixon also pursued a policy of détente with the USSR.

Watergate Scandal Supporters of Nixon would break into the Democratic National headquarters. These men were looking for information help Nixon win re-election in Nixon would participate in the cover-up of the crime.

Watergate Scandal Facing the threat of impeachment Nixon resigned in August, 1974.

Nixon and Watergate Scandal

War Powers Act 1973 The Congress took actions to curb the President’s war-making powers with the passage of the War Powers Act. With the hopes of preventing another Vietnam War, Congress established new rules about committing troops to foreign involvement.

Gerald Ford ( )

Gerald Ford ( ) Gerald Ford became the only unelected President or Vice-President in history Ford pardoned former President Nixon of all charges. President Ford tried to improve the economy through tax cuts and a reduction of government spending.

Jimmy Carter ( ) President Carter’s personal commitment to human rights led him to act as a facilitator for peace in the Middle East. The result was a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. This treaty was called the Camp David Accords (1978).

Iran Hostage Crisis The invasion of the American embassy and the holding of 179 American hostages by the government of Iran contributed to Carter’s defeat in the 1980 presidential election.

Enter Ronald Reagan Ex-movie star Former governor of California
Conservative

The Reagan Revolution Reagan brought in a new era of conservative policy making in Washington. Reagan promised lower taxes, smaller government and a stronger military.

Reaganomics Reagan believed in trickle-down economics.
Reagan wanted to cut taxes and encourage the wealthy to spend. In 1981, Congress passed a 25% tax cut over a three year period. Industries were deregulated. Deregulation of the savings and loan industry would cause economic problems later.

Reagan and the Court Reagan wanted more conservative justices on the court. Reagan was able to appoint three justices to the court. Reagan would appoint the first women justice to the court, Sandra Day O’Connor.

Foreign Policy In 1987, Reagan visited Soviet Union.
It was during Reagan Presidency that the Cold War would begin to end. Reagan and Gorbachev

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