U.S. Government and Politics

U.S. Government and Politics
AP Mock Exam 2013

The majority of the electorate does not vote in most elections.
#1 – Considering all elections at all levels of government, which of the following best describes electoral behavior in the United States? Primary elections tend to elicit a higher voter turnout than do general elections. The majority of the electorate does not vote in most elections. Voter turnout plays an insignificant role in election outcomes. Adult citizens under the age of 30 tend to have the highest rate of voter turnout. Voters with strong party identification vote less regularly than do independents.

Correct answer to #1 (Voter apathy)
The majority of the electorate does not vote in most elections. State and local elections, in particular, have very low turnout. For example, turnout was only 5 percent of registered voters in a recent Dallas mayoral election.

The President has the support of the Supreme Court.
#2 – In which of the following scenarios would a presidential veto most likely be upheld? The President has the support of the Supreme Court. The President is in a second term, removed from partisan politics. The proposed legislation enjoys widespread bipartisan support. The proposed legislation was originally adopted by a large majority in both houses of Congress. Two-thirds of the representatives and senators are members of the same party as the President.

Correct answer to #2 (Upholding a presidential veto)
Two-thirds of the representatives and senators are members of the same party as the President. Presidents, especially popular presidents, are often able to garner support from their own party in Congress.

Women were more likely than men to vote Democratic.
#3 – Which of the following statements about voting patterns is best supported by the table? Women were more likely than men to vote Democratic. People who were young, White, and from the South were most likely to be Perot supporters. Voters with low educational attainment were more likely to vote Republican than Democratic. Voters in the South were more likely to vote Democratic than those in other regions. Nonwhite voters were less likely to support Republican presidential candidates in 1992 than they were in 1980.

Correct answer to #3 (Women voters)
Women were more likely than men to vote Democratic. This is a “reading the chart” question , but Democrats have a reputation for having favorable stances on “women’s issues.” Women make up 52% of the electorate, so Democrats have an interest in “turning out” women voters.

#4 – The data in the table provide clear evidence that
Republicans were increasingly likely to defect from their party’s candidate The vote in the Midwest predicted the outcome rather consistently The East has become a Republican stronghold Voters under the age of 30 were more likely than older voters to support eh Democratic candidate Nonwhite voters showed no preference for one party over another

Correct answer to #4 (Voting in the Midwest)
The vote in the Midwest predicted the outcome rather consistently Another “reading the chart” question – but understand that this was not true in 2008 or 2012.

Prevent states from taxing agencies of the federal government
#5 – The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to Prevent states from taxing agencies of the federal government Reserve powers to the states Restrict the application of judicial review Allow for the burning of the flag as an expression of protest Limit the use of the legislative veto

Correct answer to #5 (Tenth Amendment)
Reserve powers to the states Amendment 10 indicates that powers not specifically given to the central government, nor denied to the stated, are retained by the states. We call these “reserved powers.” (Amendment 9 reserves powers to the people.)

#6 – Which of the following statements can be supported from information in the table above?
Federal grants to states and local governments have increased substantially in total dollar amount since 1950. In 1994 the federal government devoted a larger percentage of outlays to grants than in 1980. Between 1980 and 1990, grants decreased as a percentage of federal outlays. In 1994 states were more dependent on federal grants for revenues than in 1990, 1970, or 1960. IV only I and III only II and III only II and IV only I, III, and IV only

Correct answer to #6 (Federal grants)
I, III, and IV only Yet another “reading the chart” question – Federal grants have increased substantially, make up a greater percentage of federal outlays, and states have become more dependent on them.

#7 – When a lower court decision is appealed to the Supreme Court, which of the following is most likely to occur? The Supreme Court will reconsider the case, and overturn the lower court decision. The Supreme Court will reprimand the lower court judge for improperly deciding the case. The plaintiffs or defendants will file motions for a change of venue. The case will be retried at the lower court level. The Supreme Court will not hear the appeal.

Correct answer to #7 (Appeals to the Supreme Court)
The Supreme Court will not hear the appeal. Fewer than 1% of the lower court decisions are heard by the U.S. Supreme Court.

#8 – Which of the following is true of amicus curiae briefs?
They are used by interest groups to lobby courts. They are used exclusively by liberal interest groups. They are used exclusively by conservative interest groups. They are now unconstitutional. They are the means by which a litigant seeks Supreme Court review of a lower court decision.

Correct answer to #8 (Amicus curiae briefs)
They are used by interest groups to lobby courts. Amicus curiae briefs are the means by which interested parties seek to influence the decision of the court.

#9 – The terms “fiscal federalism” and “cooperative federalism” refer to situations in which
The federal government completely dominates state and local governments. States are forbidden any activity that has not been specifically approved by the Supreme Court. The federal judiciary uses its power of judicial review to ensure congressional dominance over state legislatures. State, municipal, and local income taxes are pooled by special agreement and redistributed in accordance with individual need. Federal, state, and local governments work together to complete a project, with the federal government providing much of the project funding.

Correct answer to #9 (Fiscal/cooperative federalism)
Federal, state, and local governments work together to complete a project, with the federal government providing much of the project funding. Cooperative federalism = “marble cake” federalism (federal goals & funding flow through state govt). Dual federalism = “layer cake” federalism (strictly divided areas of responsibility).

#10 – Which of the following is a result of the electoral college system?
The winner of the presidency often lacks a majority of the popular vote. Candidates focus on one-party states in which they can win most of the electoral votes. The House of Representatives frequently chooses the President from the top three candidates. Candidates focus on the states with the largest populations. Campaign spending increases because candidates emphasize television advertising.

Correct answer to #10 (Consequences of Electoral College)
Candidates focus on the states with the largest populations. In order to get a majority of the electoral votes (270 in 2012), candidates must appeal to voters in states with the largest populations – or the right combination of smaller swing states.

Government Operations
#11 – Which of the following committees of the House of Representatives sets the conditions for debate and amendment of most legislation? Ways and Means Appropriations Judiciary Rules Government Operations

Correct answer to #11 (Congressional Committees)
Rules Rules = Sets conditions for debate and amendment Ways and Means = Originates all revenue (tax and tariff) bills Appropriations = Distributes money from the Treasury (to meet budget allocations) Judiciary = Has jurisdiction over federal criminal law and holds hearings related to federal court confirmations Government Operations = Responsible for matters relating to elections, government ethics, campaign finance, personnel and property management

The commerce clause of the Constitution
#12 – Of the following, which has been used most to expand the power of the national government? The commerce clause of the Constitution The habeas corpus clause of the Constitution The bill of attainder clause of the Constitution The First Amendment The Fifth Amendment

Correct answer to #12 (Commerce clause application)
The commerce clause of the Constitution The federal government’s supremacy over interstate commerce has been used to enforce other regulations. For example, the commerce clause was used to justify the Civil Rights Act of The federal government argued that they could desegregate public accommodations – as they impacted interstate trade.

#13 – Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the two major political parties in the United States? Parties have no organization except at the national level. Parties are centrally organized to provide a smooth transition from one national campaign to the next. Parties are organized much like a large corporation, in that decisions flow from national to state and local levels. Local and state parties have virtually no power in the party system. Separate and largely independent party organizations exist at national, state, and local levels.

Correct answer to #13 (Party Structure)
Separate and largely independent party organizations exist at national, state, and local levels.

Plessy v. Ferguson ruling Emancipation Proclamation
#14 – Following the Civil War, the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was designed to overturn the Dred Scott decision Plessy v. Ferguson ruling Emancipation Proclamation Civil Rights Act of 1866 Slaughterhouse cases

Correct answer to #14 (Original purpose of the 14th Amendment)
Dred Scott decision The Supreme Court decided in the Dred Scott case that African Americans (slave or free) were not citizens. The 14th Amendment made former slaves citizens, and entitled them to “equal protection under the law.” The equal protection clause has since been applied to a variety of rights movements.

#15 – Which of the following best illustrates the point being made in the cartoon above?
The influence of presidents on the Supreme Court is limited because the Senate often rejects their nominees. The terms of Supreme Court justices should be reduced from their current forty years. Presidents can have an influence on public policy far beyond their terms of office. The opinions of Supreme Court justices remain very similar over long periods of time. Supreme Court justices seldom issue dissenting opinions.

Correct answer to #15 (Supreme Court appointments)
Presidents can have an influence on public policy far beyond their terms of office. Because of the lifetime terms of Supreme Court justices, Presidents who are able to appoint new justices have a lasting impact on the decisionmaking of the Supreme Court and therefore on policy that impacts life in the U.S. (In total, Reagan made four appointments to the Supreme Court – including his elevation of Nixon appointee William Rehnquist to the position of Chief Justice.)

#16 – The table best supports which of the following statements about party identification and voting behavior? There is no consistent relationship between party identification and voting behavior. People with weak party identification tend to vote for opposing party candidates. Independent-leaning Democrats are unreliable voters for the Democratic party. People who most resist party identification tend to vote for Republican candidates. People with strong Democratic party identification tend to vote for the Democratic party.

Correct answer to #16 (Party Identification and Voting Patterns)
People with strong Democratic party identification tend to vote for the Democratic party. Again with the “reading the chart” questions? Still, you need to remember that party identification is the strongest indicator of voting patterns.

#17 – The table best supports which of the following statements about the two elections for which data are provided? The 1988 and 1990 elections were clear victories for the Democratic party. Republican voters exhibited greater party discipline in 1990 than they did in 1988. Independent-leaning Republicans were the Republicans least likely to cross party lines. Pure Independents were less likely to vote for the Democratic presidential candidate in 1988 than for Democratic House candidates in 1990. Weak Democrats were the group most likely to vote for Republican candidates.

Correct answer to #17 (Party Identification and Voting Patterns)
Pure Independents were less likely to vote for the Democratic presidential candidate in 1988 than for Democratic House candidates in 1990. This is the just a “reading the chart” question.

national committee of the President's party civil service
#18 – In recent presidential administrations, the principal staff for the President has been made up of members of the White House Office cabinet Congress national committee of the President's party civil service

Correct answer to #18 (White House staff)
White House Office The White House staff has acted as the principal staff for the president. This staff is chosen based on their level of support for the President.

#19 – The procedure for formally amending the United States Constitution best illustrates which of the following? The dominance of the national government over the state governments The dominance of the state governments over the national government The Founding Fathers' desire to facilitate rapid constitutional revisions The Supreme Court's power to review constitutional amendments The federal structure of the United States government

Correct answer to #19 (Federalism)
The federal structure of the United States government While the amendment is written and passed by the federal government (2/3 majority of both houses), three quarters of the states must ratify it.

Political activism increases with education levels.
#20 – Which of the following best explains why delegates to both the Republican and Democratic Conventions in 1996 were much more likely to have college and postgraduate degrees than was the rest of the voting population? College education increases the likelihood of holding liberal political positions. College education increases the likelihood of holding conservative political positions. Political activism increases with education levels. Education allows people to have more time to attend conventions. Some states required delegates to hold college degrees.

Correct answer to #20 (Education and political activism)
Political activism increases with education levels.

Federal Election Commission
#21 – Congressional district boundaries are usually redrawn every ten years by the Bureau of the Census state legislatures President House Rules Committee Federal Election Commission

Correct answer to #21 (Redistricting)
state legislatures This is the plan for redistricting in 34 states. Seven states have only one representative. Others have independent bodies or bipartisan commissions.

#22 – The franking privilege refers to the
Federal Reserve Board's control over interest rates practice of permitting senators to preview lists of judicial nominees practice whereby legislators with the most seniority select the committees on which they want to serve right of the chair to control the schedule of his or her congressional committee right of members of Congress to send mail to their constituents at the government's expense

Correct answer to #22 (Franking privilege)
right of members of Congress to send mail to their constituents at the government's expense The franking privilege is one factor that supports the incumbency advantage, as senators and representatives are able to utilize the franking privilege to advertise and put their name in front of their constituents.

The election was formally decided in the House of Representatives.
#23 – Which of the following took place after presidential candidates Truman in 1948, Nixon in 1968, and Clinton in 1992 won only pluralities of the popular vote? The election was formally decided in the House of Representatives. The election was formally decided in the Senate. The winning candidate took office after receiving less than 50% of the popular votes cast. The electoral college votes cast by independents were critical in determining the winner. The results of the popular vote necessitated a runoff.

Correct answer to #23 (Plurality election)
The winning candidate took office after receiving less than 50% of the popular votes cast. In a plurality election, the person who wins the greatest number of votes takes office – though they did not win a majority.

It results in more Democrats being elected to the House.
#24 – Which of the following is generally true of the gerrymandering of congressional districts? It results in more Democrats being elected to the House. It results in more Republicans being elected to the House. It guarantees that all minority parties will be equally represented. It creates districts that favor one political party over another. It violates the principle of one-person, one-vote.

Correct answer to #24 (Gerrymandering)
It creates districts that favor one political party over another. Favoring one party over the other is the purpose of gerrymandering. Massachusetts 1812

The supremacy of the national over the state governments
#25 – Which of the following is one of the central concerns of the First Amendment? The supremacy of the national over the state governments The right of citizens to bear arms The division of powers among the three branches of government The right of citizens to petition the government for redress of grievances The protection of the rights of those accused of committing a crime

Correct answer to #25 (First Amendment rights)
The right of citizens to petition the government for redress of grievances The 5 rights guaranteed by the First Amendment are: Freedom of Speech Freedom of Religion Freedom of Press Freedom of Petition Freedom of Assembly Massachusetts 1812

#26 – The "wall of separation" doctrine refers to the
division between levels of government unique powers possessed by each branch of government division of church and state barrier between legislative chambers differentiation of municipal powers from county powers

Correct answer to #26 (Wall of separation)
division of church and state The term “wall of separation” was coined by Thomas Jefferson, referring to the provision in the First Amendment that states that ‘Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.’ Massachusetts 1812

#27 – Lobbyists try to influence legislators mainly through
"wining and dining" legislators orchestrating petition drives and letter-writing campaigns placing persuasive advertisements in the media threatening to help the legislator's opponent in the next election providing legislators with information on technical issues

Correct answer to #27 (Lobbyists’ role in legislation)
providing legislators with information on technical issues Lobbyists are subject matter experts and can provide indepth technical knowledge for legislators writing new laws. Of course, this benefits the lobbyists as well since the legislators author laws related to their cause. Massachusetts 1812

#28 – The table above supports which of the following conclusions?
A plurality of the people has consistently supported the Democrats. Support for the two major parties increased slightly between 1952 and 1994. The largest percentage increase in political identification between 1952 and 1994 occurred among independents. I only II only III only I and II only I, II, and III

Correct answer to #28 (Growing number of independents)
III only (The largest percentage increase in political identification between 1952 and 1994 occurred among independents.) In the second half of the twentieth century, voters drifted away from the two major parties. Today approximately 1/3 of all Americans are registered Independents, and a greater number of registered Democrats and Republicans engage in split ticket voting. Massachusetts 1812

categorical grants matching grants block grants project grants
#29 – States and localities have the most discretion in establishing policy when federal funding is derived from categorical grants matching grants block grants project grants grants-in-aid

Correct answer to #29 (Block grants)
Block grants come to state or local governments with minimal guidance as to how they must be spent Categorical grants must be spent on a specific project or category of projects (i.e., building public education facilities) Matching grants require the state or local government to “match” the amount of funds they receive Project grants may not be spent on anything other than the specified project Grants-in-aid require that certain conditions must be met in order to receive the money (i.e., “Race to the Top” funding that was tied to adopting national standards and testing for education) Massachusetts 1812

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Imposition of a federal poll tax
#30 – Which of the following best explains the trend depicted in the chart above? Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Imposition of a federal poll tax Elimination of all-White primary elections The Voting Rights Act of 1965 The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Correct answer to #30 (Voter registration reform)
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 The Voting Rights Act of 1965 removed barriers to voter registration for African Americans in the South, leading to a significant rise in the number of registered Black voters. Massachusetts 1812

#31 – Which of the following statements about trends in presidential approval ratings is supported by information presented in the graph above? President Reagan was the most popular President since 1953. There is little relationship between military conflicts and presidential approval ratings. Presidents have tended to become more popular over time. A President's popularity tends to fall during his term in office. President Carter suffered the largest drop in popularity of any President since 1953.

Correct answer to #31 (Presidential approval ratings)
A President's popularity tends to fall during his term in office. Since World War II, every president has had his approval rating fall below 50% at some point in his presidency. Gerald Ford’s approval rating fell the fastest, as he was below 50% in just three months. Massachusetts 1812

#32 – In Miranda v. Arizona, the United States Supreme Court declared that
illegal aliens have the same right to an education as United States citizens evidence seized during an illegal search cannot be used in court affirmative action programs cannot employ numerical quotas police must inform criminal suspects of their constitutional rights before questioning suspects after arrest the death penalty is constitutional so long as juries are supplied with sentencing guidelines

Correct answer to #32 (Miranda rights)
police must inform criminal suspects of theft constitutional rights before questioning suspects after arrest Miranda v. Arizona was one of the many important decisions by the Warren Court that expanded due process rights. Massachusetts 1812

#33 – Which of the following is NOT a presidential role authorized by the Constitution?
To be commander in chief of the armed forces To lead the political party of the President To negotiate treaties with foreign nations To be chief executive To present the State of the Union address

Correct answer to #33 (Presidential roles)
To lead the political party of the President Because political parties aren’t mentioned in the Constitution, the role of the President within his party is also not authorized. Massachusetts 1812

#34 – Which of the following statements about voting behavior in the United States is correct?
College graduates are more likely to vote than are those who have at most a high school diploma. Voters under the age of 25 are more likely to vote than are those in any other age group. Registration requirements have no significant effect on voter turnout. Since 1920, the proportion of women who have voted is approximately the same as the proportion of men who have voted. During the twentieth century, the proportion of African Americans who voted was approximately the same as the proportion of White Americans who voted.

Correct answer to #34 (Voting behavior)
College graduates are more likely to vote than are those who have at most a high school diploma. Levels of political participation increase with education. In the 2012 election, this was less true – a little more than 50% of the registered voters without a college degree voted, while a little less than 50% of those with a college degree voted. Also unusual in this election was the number of youth voters – upwards of 50% of college students voted (and they would be part of that non-degreed statistic) .

#35 – An electoral system based on single-member districts is usually characterized by
strong, centralized political parties and a weak executive higher rates of voter turnout than are common in other systems legislative representation of each party in proportion to the number of votes it receives domination of the legislature by two political parties ideological rather than mass-based parties

Correct answer to #35 (Single member districts and two party system)
domination of the legislature by two political parties This is called Duverger’s law, and it results from the need to achieve a plurality of votes. Since only the winner of the greatest number of votes is rewarded, this system serves to eliminate weak (third) parties. The alternative is proportional representation.

#36 – Which of the following is true under the system of checks and balances?
The Supreme Court can overrule the President's policy proposals. The Senate must ratify treaties negotiated by the President before they become law. A bill becomes law when the House and the Senate pass it, and the Supreme Court declares it constitutional. The Supreme Court can remove members of Congress, and Congress can impeach the President. The House of Representatives appoints justices to the Supreme Court and the Senate approves the appointments.

Correct answer to #36 (Checks and balances)
The Senate must ratify treaties negotiated by the President before they become law. Surprisingly, the reason Answer D is wrong is that Congress is responsible for removing their own people through a process set in each chamber (not outlined in the Constitution).

#37 – A major reason why the majority of Supreme Court justices have had political experience prior to appointment to the Court is that justices are expected to act like politicians in their decision-making Presidents seek to place individuals on the Court whose policy views are similar to their own the Senate will refuse to confirm any nominee to the Court who is not familiar with the political process appointment to the Supreme Court is a reward for political party loyalty the Court is expected to defer to the political branches in making its decisions

Correct answer to #37 (Supreme Court nominations)
Presidents seek to place individuals on the Court whose policy views are similar to their own Again, this goes back to the President’s ability to influence the direction of the court even after his time – ensuring a greater legacy.

#38 – The Supreme Court ruled the legislative veto unconstitutional on the grounds that such vetoes
were the province of the courts alone violated the principle of separation of powers would give the executive branch too much power would give too much authority to nonelected officials were an unwarranted infringement on the rights of state governments

Correct answer to #38 (Legislative veto)
violated the principle of separation of powers A legislative veto would allow Congress to overturn actions of the executive branch. This is not part of the U.S. system of separation of powers as outlined in the Constitution.

#39 – The President can do which of the following with out seeking the consent of either the House or the Senate? Ratify a treaty. Appoint ambassadors. Appoint district court judges. Deploy troops. Declare war.

Correct answer to #39 (Congressional approval of Presidential actions)
Deploy troops. Under the War Powers Resolution (1973), the President may deploy troops for military action, but they must receive Congressional authorization or remove troops within days.

#40 – Which of the following is true about the line-item veto?
It is specifically granted to the President by the Constitution. It is used by many state governors. It is basically the same as a pocket veto. Its use was upheld by the Supreme Court. It would, if instituted, strengthen the power of congressional leaders

Correct answer to #40 (Line-item veto)
It is used by many state governors. The line-item veto allows governors to eliminate specific provisions from bills (such as pork belly spending and non-related riders) without having to send the entire bill back to the legislature to be rewritten. It is denied to the President, as it is seen as a violation of the separation of powers.

#41 – In The Federalist No. 10, James Madison argued that factions in a republic are
a more serious threat if the republic is large natural but controllable by institutions not likely to occur if people are honest prevented by majority rule prevented by free elections

Correct answer to #41 (Federalist #10)
natural but controllable by institutions Madison argued that there was no way to prevent factions except through tyranny – but representative democracy, in which popular will would be mitigated by the judgment of elected officials, would control the effects of factions.

#42 – Which of the following actions by the federal government best illustrates the concept of unfunded mandates? Requiring that polling booths remain open beyond the hours of the workday Requiring states and municipalities to provide certain services for their citizens without providing resources to pay for those services Requiring state governments to guarantee short-term bonds issued by large municipalities in their states Requiring all municipalities to impose a minimum property tax on all residential and business properties Requiring states and municipalities to privatize many previously publicly funded services

Correct answer to #42 (Unfunded mandates)
Requiring states and municipalities to provide certain services for their citizens without providing resources to pay for those services In an unfunded mandate, the national government requires something of the states/cities without providing the funding (i.e., modifying facilities to meet the Americans with Disabilities requirements without giving them the money to do so).

#43 – The term "horse-race journalism" refers to the tendency of the media to
cover Congress by focusing on committee chairs rather than on the work of the committees cover campaigns by emphasizing the relative standings of the candidates in the polls rather than the issues they discuss cover politics by concentrating on scandal and corruption rather than on instances of integrity and honorable action compete for access to sources rather than to cooperate in gathering news compete to be first with major breaking stories rather than trying to present full, accurate accounts of such stories

Correct answer to #43 (“Horse race journalism”)
cover campaigns by emphasizing the relative standings of the candidates in the polls rather than the issues they discuss The name says it all. Like covering a race, the journalists focus on “who’s ahead” instead of each candidate’s position on the issues.

#44 – Which of the following is a provision of federal election laws?
A small fee must be paid by persons voting in federal elections. On-site registration to vote must be permitted on the day of any federal election. Electoral districts must be apportioned to equalize the numbers of Democratic and Republican voters wherever a historic imbalance exists. Citizens must be automatically registered to vote on their eighteenth birthday. In areas with significant populations of linguistic minorities, voting materials must be made available in the preferred languages of the population.

Correct answer to #44 (Federal election laws)
In areas with significant populations of linguistic minorities, voting materials must be made available in the preferred languages of the population. Poll taxes (A) have been outlawed. Voter registration is elective (D) and must be completed prior to elections (B).There is no requirement that the balance between parties in each district be equalized (C), only that districts must be drawn in such a way that each vote counts the same – as established in Baker v. Carr.

#45 – The largest portion of "uncontrollable spending" in the federal budget is designated for which of the following? Interest on the national debt Entitlement spending Defense spending Environmental programs Salaries of federal bureaucrats

Correct answer to #45 (Uncontrollable spending)
Entitlement spending Because benefits for entitlement programs are promised well in advance and payable to all who qualify, the federal government is responsible for meeting these obligations without consideration for cuts.

#46 – The Supreme Court established the incorporation doctrine when the Court
interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment as extending most of the requirements of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government interpreted the Ninth Amendment as requiring national health and worker-safety standards to protect the individual's implied right of personal safety stripped the armed forces of their discretionary powers regarding military service for gay men, lesbians, and married people strengthened local police forces by granting them the power to investigate and prosecute federal offenses granted the federal government the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional

Correct answer to #46 (Selective incorporation)
interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment as extending most of the requirements of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government The incorporation doctrine answers the question of whether the states are obligated to respect provisions like freedom of religion and speech. This question is tested and decided on a case by case basis for each aspect of the Bill of Rights.

#47 – Of the following, the most important role in the political socialization of children is played by their peer groups their places of worship the family the media the school

Correct answer to #47 (Political socialization)
the family Political socialization is the process by which individuals develop their beliefs and attitudes toward politics. All of the listed influences play a part, but the family has the greatest role in this process.

#48 – The 1973 Roe v. Wade decision that upheld a woman's right to secure an abortion was based on the right to privacy implied in the Bill of Rights equality guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments due process of law enumerated in the Fifth and Sixth amendments adequate medical care implied in the Preamble to the Constitution life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness enumerated in the Declaration of Independence

Correct answer to #48 (Roe v. Wade)
privacy implied in the Bill of Rights Because the right to privacy is “implied” but not listed in the Bill of Rights, decisions such as Roe v. Wade and Griswold v. Connecticut that are based on this right are controversial.

#49 – Which of the following was the most important effect of replacing the Articles of Confederation with the Constitution of 1787? The protection of free speech The guarantee of states' rights The establishment of direct democracy The creation of a strong national government The establishment of judicial review

Correct answer to #49 (Articles of Confederation to Constitution)
The creation of a strong national government The problems experienced under the Articles of Confederation demonstrated the need for a strong central government capable of raising funds, calling up armed forces, standardizing currency and trade, and settling disputes between the states. Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution gives Congress many powers that were denied the national government under the Articles of Confederation.

#50 – The doctrine of original intent holds that
Supreme Court justices must emphasize independent and original thinking in considering constitutional matters the meaning of the Constitution depends on the intention of the framers cases selected for review by the Supreme Court must address an original and new concern not previously addressed by the Court Supreme Court justices should avoid bias by documenting theft original impressions of a case the Supreme Court should review all treaties that alter previously established foreign policy

Correct answer to #50 (Original intent)
the meaning of the Constitution depends on the intention of the framers This is obviously at odds with judicial activism, which allows the Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution to serve the contemporary needs of society.

#51 – A major difference between the House of Representatives and the Senate is that
filibusters are possible only in the House revenue bills must originate in the Senate judicial nominations originate in a House committee each state has equal representation in the House but not in the Senate there is unlimited debate in the Senate but not in the House

Correct answer to #51 (Differences in House and Senate)
there is unlimited debate in the Senate but not in the House While the House Rules Committee sets a limit on debate in the House, the Senate may debate until there is unanimous consent to bring the bill to a vote – or until a filibuster is ended by cloture (3/5 vote).

#52 – Senate confirmation is required for which of the following presidential appointments?
I. Secretary of state II. White House chief of staff III. Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) IV. Attorney general I only II and III only II and IV only I, III, and IV only I, II, III, and IV

Correct answer to #52 (Senate approval of presidential appointments)
I, III, and IV only The president is required to seek Senate confirmation of diplomatic officials, Cabinet members, heads of executive agencies, and federal judges – but he is allowed to choose his personal White House staff without the Senate’s approval.

#53 – All of the following serve as checks on the power of the federal courts EXCEPT:
Federal judges can be impeached. The voters can oust federal judges in national elections. Congress can pass a law clarifying "legislative intent." Presidents, governors, and local executives can refrain from enforcing court rulings. Congress and the state legislatures can amend the Constitution.

Correct answer to #53 (Checks on federal courts)
The voters can oust federal judges in national elections. The federal judiciary is insulated from political considerations due to the fact that federal judges are appointed for life (assuming good behavior), which means that they needn’t participate in partisan elections or cater to the electorate. Despite this fact, the Supreme Court and other high courts often make decisions that reflect the majority public opinion.

#54 – To which of the following congressional committees would a proposal to reform the national income-tax system initially be sent? House Appropriations Committee House Ways and Means Committee House Budget Committee Senate Budget Committee Senate Finance Committee

Correct answer to #54 (Reforming tax system)
House Ways and Means Committee Because all revenue bills (taxes and tariffs) must originate in this committee, any significant revision of the tax code must start here as well.

#55 – Political action committees (PAC's) representing which of the following groups have increased in number most substantially since the mid-1970's? Labor Business Health-care professionals Veterans' groups Civil rights advocates

Correct answer to #55 (PACs)
Business Although PACs had existed as a union entity since the 1940s, the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1972 was amended in 1974 to define PAC operations – and make them an attractive method of funding campaigns. Businesses, in particular, take advantage of this opportunity to use their ample monetary resources to influence legislation in favor of their sector.

#56 – Since the 1970's, Presidents have made use of executive orders at an increasing rate because executive orders are noncontroversial measures that can be easily implemented are rarely defeated in Congress do not need to be passed by Congress avoid judicial review must be ratified by the Senate rather than by the House

Correct answer to #56 (Executive orders)
do not need to be passed by Congress In the Era of Divided Government, executive orders allow quicker implementation of presidential policy goals. Executive orders are still subject to judicial review (i.e., Korematsu v. U.S. testing Executive Order 9906).

#57 – Which of the following is NOT a core value of United States political culture?
Legal equality Political equality Economic equality Freedom of religion Freedom of speech

Correct answer to #57 (Executive orders)
Economic equality While all of the other ideals are part of our political culture (common beliefs that govern the operation of our political system), Americans do not believe in economic equality. Jefferson wrote that all men are endowed with unalienable rights that include “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” (by which, he meant property). Only the equal right to pursue prosperity is guaranteed to citizens (through government actions like anti-trust suits).

#58 – The concept of "critical elections" is most closely associated with
the electoral college process elections during wartime the nomination process economic recession party realignment

Correct answer to #58 (Critical elections)
party realignment Critical elections see a significant shift in voting patterns overall, or within a specific region or demographic sector. We often see critical elections as the dividing point in historical party eras (i.e, the election of 1932, which saw a realignment of African American voters to the Democratic party).

#59 – Which of the following statements is supported by the chart above?
Both Republican Presidents nominated a greater proportion of Latinos to the judiciary than did either Democratic President. President Carter made more judicial nominations than President Reagan. The percentage of nominees to the judiciary who were minorities was higher for Republican Presidents than for Democratic Presidents. The percentage of nominees to the judiciary who were women was higher for Republican Presidents than for Democratic Presidents. President Reagan nominated the smallest percentage of women to the judiciary.

Correct answer to #59 (Presidential judicial nominations)
President Reagan nominated the smallest percentage of women to the judiciary. Another “reading the chart” question. While this is true, Reagan is better known for appointing Sandra Day O’Connor, the first female justice to the Supreme Court.

#60 – Federal benefits that must be funded by Congress and must be paid to all citizens who meet eligibility criteria are called discretionary appropriations individual entitlements tax expenditures distributive benefits continuing appropriations

Correct answer to #60 (Entitlements)
individual entitlements Entitlement programs (such as Social Security and Medicare) make up the largest class of federal expenditures.

U.S. Government and Politics

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U.S. Government and Politics

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