1. Ch. 5: DNA and Modern Genetics!!
“The Molecule of Life”

2. Do Now!!  What is DNA? Why is it important?
List three places in the body where you can find DNA.

3. Objectives To explain the structure of DNA
To identify the different types of bases how they pair up
To list the scientists involved in discovering DNA

4. So what is DNA? A molecule that stores information
What do the letters stand for?
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
Where is it found?
In the nucleus (or nuclear region in prokaryotes)
What is it used for?
Blueprints of your genes/traits
To make proteins!

5. What is DNA Made of? Repeating units of nucleotides
Nucleotides are made of 3 components:
5 carbon sugar (Deoxyribose)
Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous base

6. Nitrogenous Bases Purines Have 2 rings (double ring structure)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Pyrimidines
Have 1 ring (single ring structure)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U) instead of Thymine in RNA

7. Nitrogenous Bases

8. Chargaff’s Rule Erwin Chargaff
Discovered that A pairs with T and C pairs with G.
Chargaff’s rule:
A=T, C=G
Amounts vary between species

9. What is the complimentary sequence??
ATGCTAATTCGCATCG

10. Do Now!  TGACCAGTTTAGCTAGGGC What makes up a nucleotide?
What is the difference between a purine and a pyrimidine? Identify the purines and pyrimidines we talked about!
Please write the complementary sequence:
TGACCAGTTTAGCTAGGGC

11. Objectives
To identify the scientists who contributed to the discovery of DNA
To define the structure of DNA
To complete a DNA structure worksheet

12. Rosalind Franklin Used X-ray diffraction to determine shape of DNA
X-rays aimed at molecule, bounce off electrons
Determines the molecule’s shape

13. Rosalind Franklin Took now famous photo 51
Data indicated that DNA was a double helix shape
Helped Watson and Crick solve the structure of DNA

14. Watson and Crick Built a model of the double helix DNA molecule:
two outside strands consist of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules
thymine and adenine bases pair to each other by two hydrogen bonds
cytosine and guanine bases pair to each other by three hydrogen bonds
*Go back to your DNA sequence!

15. DNA Structure DNA looks like a twisted ladder!
Rails: alternating deoxyribose sugars and phosphates
Rungs (steps): base pairs (C-G, A-T) bonded by hydrogen bonds

16. Do Now!  Label the parts of the DNA!C D

17. Objectives To review DNA structure To define DNA replication
To identify the steps of DNA replication

18. DNA Replication Allows cells to get an exact copy of DNA. Replication:
Parent strands separate, serve as templates
Daughter DNA produced (have one DNA strand from parent and one new strand)

19. Steps to Replication 1- The two DNA strands unwind and separate:
Helicase- enzyme that separates the DNA molecule

20. Steps to Replication
2- Nucleotides match up base by base with the nucleotides on each TEMPLATE DNA strand:
All of the C’s pair with the G’s and all of the A’s pair with the T’s.
DNA Polymerase: enzyme that creates new DNA by assembling nucleotides

21. Steps to Replication
3- Each new daughter DNA molecule has one strand of new DNA and one from the original parent strand.

22. Replication Animation!
iew0/chapter3/animation__dna_replication__quiz_1_.html

23. Do Now!! 
Please complete the worksheet in front of you!

24. Objectives To define RNA To identify the different types of RNA
To define transcription and translation

25. So why do we NEED DNA??

26. We need to make RNA to make proteins!!
What is RNA?
Ribonucleic Acid
How is it different from DNA?
Single stranded
Indefinite shape
Uses “uracil”
Contains Ribose

27. Types of RNA 1. Messenger RNA (mRNA): Linear
Located in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Brings genetic code from DNA to the ribosome to make protein (in cytoplasm)
Contains codons (every 3 letters, ex. AUG is 1 codon)

28. Types of RNA 2. Ribosomal (rRNA): Located within the ribosome
Helps make the structure of the ribosome

29. Types of RNA 3. Transfer (tRNA) Located in the cytoplasm
Clover-like loop structure
Brings amino acids (attached to top of tRNA) to ribosome to help build proteins
Contains anticodon (3 letter sequence at bottom of tRNA, complements codon)

30. The Central Dogma! DNA RNA Protein Transcription: Occurs in nucleus
Create (transcribe) mRNA from DNA template
Translation:
Occurs in cytoplasm
Takes mRNA and makes proteins with the help of tRNA and ribosomes.

31. Do Now!! 
Please take out your worksheet from last class and finish!

32. Objectives To identify the steps of transcription.
To understand the process of transcription and how mRNA is made.

33. Transcription Gene: a distinct sequence of nucleotides
Determines your traits
Only individual genes are transcribed, not a whole DNA molecule
Occurs in the nucleus
Produces mRNA

34. Transcription
Step 1: DNA molecule unwinds and separates just like in replication:
RNA polymerase: enzyme that unwinds the DNA and assembles new nucleotides (makes RNA strand).

35. Transcription
Step 2: RNA nucleotides match up with their complimentary bases on the DNA template strand:
RNA polymerase assembles these nucleotides
Creates a single stranded mRNA molecule
Practice: Write the complimentary mRNA strand from this DNA
ATCGATGGCAAGCTA

36. Transcription
Step 3: mRNA detaches once entire gene is done and DNA rewinds:
mRNA strand leaves nucleus through pores
Goes to cytoplasm to help ribosomes make proteins
*Delivers directions from DNA for how to make proteins
*Many copies of RNA can be made from the same gene in a short period of time.

37. Transcription Video

38. Do Now!! 
With a partner, please complete the worksheet in front of you!

39. Do Now!!  What is the “Central Dogma”? What is transcription?
Please transcribe the DNA sequence below:
T A C C G A A T C G T A C G G A C T

40. Objectives To define translation To identify the steps of translation
To practice building amino acid sequences to form proteins

41. Translation What happens in the steps before translation?
What happens in translation?
Where does this happen?

42. Translation
Step 1: Translation begins when a ribosome attaches to the beginning of an mRNA molecule.
*Translation MUST START AT THE LETTERS “AUG”:
This is the START codon
* Every 3 letters on the mRNA is called a “Codon” that codes for a specific amino acid.

43. CODON BINGO!!

44. Do Now!!  A U G C G G C U A A U U What is translation?
Where does translation take place?
Write the amino acid sequence this mRNA strand would form:
A U G C G G C U A A U U

45. Objectives To identify the steps of translation
To practice the process of protein synthesis

46. Translation
Step 2: A tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid matches up to a complementary codon in the mRNA on the ribosome:
*tRNA molecules contain “Anticodons” which are 3 bases on bottom of tRNA
Anticodons compliment codons on mRNA

47. Translation
Step 3: The ribosome attaches one amino acid to another as it moves along the mRNA molecule.
Amino acids are attached by PEPTIDE BONDS.

48. Translation
Step 4: The tRNA molecules are released after the amino acids they carry are attached to the growing chain of amino acids.
Return to cytoplasm to pick up another amino acid

49. Translation
Step 5: The ribosome completes the translation when it reaches a stop codon:
The newly made protein is then released.

50. Do Now!! 
Please complete the worksheet in front of you!

51. Objectives To define genetic mutation
To identify the different types of genetic mutations

52. What is a mutation? Mutation: a permanent change in a cell’s DNA
Errors can occur when DNA is copied
UV light, X-rays, chemicals, etc. can cause mutations in DNA

53. Types of mutations Substitution – Exchanges one base for another.
Normal: ACAGAG
Mutated: ACAGGG
Insertion – Extra base pairs are inserted.
Normal: AATGAG
Mutated: AATGTGGAG

54. Types of mutations (cont.)
Deletion- Section of DNA is lost or deleted.
Normal: CTGGAG
Mutated: CT___AG
Frameshift- Message is no longer read correctly.
Normal: THE FAT CAT ATE THE BIG RAT
Mutated: HEF ATC ATA TET HEB IGR AT

55. What happens when there is a mutation?
Cells have different ways to repair mistakes:
Proofreading enzymes can correct mismatched base pairs
EX: DNA polymerase, exonuclease

56. Do Now!!  What are the three kinds of mutations?
What is a frameshift?
Are all mutations bad?

57. Objectives
To discuss the effects of genetic mutations on protein synthesis
To complete a review protein synthesis worksheet
To simulate genetic mutations in a lab activity

58. Mutations can have different effects
The mutation has no effect:
Amino acids have more than 1 code
The effect of a mutation is minor:
Could affect skin/eye/hair pigmentation
The effect of a mutation is great:
Genetic disorder/disease

59. Genetic disorders Sometimes passed from parents to offspring:
Sickle Cell Anemia
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Hemophilia
Tay- Sachs Disease
Huntington’s Disease (HD)
Cancer

60. Sickle cell anemia Mutation occurs on gene that codes for hemoglobin:
Hemoglobin – a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells
Substitution mutation causes 1 amino acid to be replaced with another