1. Exam tips Pen (spare) Pencil Sharpener / rubber Spellings Environment
Volcano / Volcanoes
Erosion
Desert
Deciduous
Don’t forget
Look out for questions without lines to write – you may have to draw on maps /graphs!
Examiners cannot take marks off you – always answer the Q!!

2. GEOGRAPHY UNIT 1 UNIT 2 Restless Earth Living World Water On the Land
Population Change
Changing Urban Environments
Tourism

3. Three questions!
Restless Earth
Living World
Water on the land

6. Destructive? Constructive? Conservative?

7. Describe the distribution of Volcanoes

8. Convection currents in the mantle drive the plates to move!!
DESTRUCTIVE
CONSTRUCTIVE
CONSERVATIVE
Oceanic plate moves towards continental plate
Oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate (as it is denser and more flexible). An ocean trench is formed.
Friction builds up between the two plates and causes earthquakes.
The oceanic plate melts in the mantle and pressure increases. This is released as a volcanic eruption (composite volcano)
Two oceanic plates separate
The two plates separate leaving a gap between them.
Magma rises from the mantle and makes its way between the plates.
This comes out as lava as is runny so forms a wide volcanic cone (constructive)
Two plates move besides each other (opposite direction or one faster than the other.
Pressure builds up between the two plates as they attempt to move.
Eventually the plates jolt forwards as they move and the friction between the plates is released as a strong seismic wave (earthquake).

9. Destructive Convection currents Move together Subducted
Friction = earthquake
Melted plate = pressure = volcano

10. Constructive Convection currents Plates move apart Magma rises
Lava spreads out at surface
Creates a shield volcano

11. Conservative Convection currents Plates move alongside each other
Friction causes pressure to build up
As plates jolt pressure is released as seismic waves = earthquake

12. Volcanoes

14. Mt St Helens Location / causes
The oceanic Juan de Fuca plate subducts beneath the continental North American plate. (DESTRUCTIVE PLATE MARGIN)
Size
8:32am 18 May 1980: an earthquake caused a landslide which released the pressure inside the volcano.
Effects
57 people died (one of them a volcanologist)
Airports were closed.
Emergency treatment was given in nearby towns to the people rescued.
185 miles of roads, 15 miles of railway and 27 bridges were destroyed.
Tourism increased to the area (3 million per year)
Responses
Helicopters were used to search for and rescue people close to the eruption.
Forest in the area began to be replanted.
The area became a National Park in 1982 and now attracts 3 million visitors per year.

15. Monitoring and Predicting Volcanoes
Tiltmeters
Gas Sensors
GPS
Seismographs
Thermometers (ground and water temperatures)
Animal behaviour
Think about how you know you have a tummy upset! 

16. Formation of a supervolcano
Think of a big spot!

17. Supervolcano – Yellowstone, USA
Size / Shape
Effects
1000km3
The magma chamber beneath Yellowstone is believed to be 80km long, 40km wide and 8km deep
Caldera – large depression surrounded by a raised rim
An eruption today would have a catastrophic effect. It is potentially five times the minimum size for a supervolcanic eruption by the size of the magma chamber.
An eruption is likely to destroy 10,000 km2 of land and kill people. 1 in 3 people will be killed within 1000km of an eruption. 15cm of ash would cover buildings within this area and make them collapse. This ash would ground planes and make road transport difficult. Livestock would die as they would choke in the hot ash.
UK would see the arrival of the ash about 5 days later. This ash will circle the Earth, changing the climate. Temperatures will fall by over 10 degrees which will make it difficult to grow food in many areas. 40% of the population could face starvation. Certain parts of northern Europe will be snow covered for 3 years, so no food will be able to be grown.

18. Fold Mountains

19. Fold Mountains Challenges:
Steep Relief – Use of chairlifts to travel up slopes and get fresh produce (milk) from farms down to market. Use of steep slopes for tourism e.g. skiing.
Poor Soils – Use of fertilisers and farming on flat valley floor
Limited Communications – New roads, railway lines (on flat valley floors) and tunnels e.g. Mont Blanc and St. Bernard tunnels.
Uses
HEP – generates energy for local villages (ideal snow melt in summer provides water, easy to build dam across valley)
Farming - Transhumance farming
Tourism – Winter (skiing) Summer (mountain biking / hiking)
Industries – saw mills (wood), electrochemical, mining

20. Geosyncline Sedimentary rock – sandstone Compressed to form fold mountains e.g. Alps

21. Describing the distribution of ocean trenches and fold mountains
Edge of oceans – Pacific Ocean
Where continental and oceanic plates meet
Fold mountains – west coast of North and South America
** use names

22. Earthquakes

23. Keywords:
Focus
Epicentre
Seismic wave

24. How we measure earthquakes
What are the differences?

25. Monitoring and Predicting Earthquakes
Three Ps
Prediction – attempts to forecast when it will happen
Protection – construction of buildings so they are safe and will not collapse
Preparation – organising activities and drills so people know what to do in the event of and earthquake

26. Sichuan Earthquake, China 2008
MEDC
LEDC
Location
Kobe Earthquake 1995
Sichuan Earthquake, China 2008
Effects
Immediate
Deaths = 6500
Injuries = 40,000
Roads were at gridlock, delaying emergency services.
Houses completely destroyed = 180,000. Homeless = 300,000
Industries like Mitsubishi and Panasonic were forced to close.
Long-term
Fires raged for days destroying 7500 houses (many of them wooden
Hanshin expressway and bridges collapsed.
High speed bullet trains were derailed as the rails buckled
Death toll was two months after the earthquake.
* 900 students trapped in collapsed school. Parents angry about the cheap building materials used.
* At least were injured.
 Chemical plants collapsed, killing hundreds and spilling toxic ammonia.
* 80% of buildings collapsed in rural Beichuan which was near the epicentre.
* Communications were cut – no land or mobile phones worked in Wenchuan.
Rivers were blocked by landslides and there was fear they may flood.
At least 5 million (some say 11 million) were made homeless
Responses
Motorola maintained telephone connections for free.
Major retailers like 7-Eleven helped provide essentials.
Friends and neighbours searched through the rubble, joined by emergency services when access was possible.
Evacuate people into temporary shelters because they were still at risk from many fires and unstable buildings.
Rescue services are specially trained and the whole country practices responding to an earthquake on 12th January, the anniversary of the Kobe earthquake, in an Earthquake Preparation Day.
High rise buildings had to have flexible steel frames.
Increase in the number of seismic instruments use to record earth movements.
New buildings were built further apart to prevent the domino effect.
20 helicopters used for relief and rescue operations. One million temporary small homes to be built to house those made homeless.
Troops were parachuted in to assess the situation while others hiked in on foot.
The Chinese government pledged $10 million for rebuilding.
 Areas of land flattened to make room for the 3.3 million tents used for emergency shelter.

27. Tsunami

28. Tsunami
The Indo Australian plate subducts beneath the Eurasian plate causing an earthquake.
The earthquake displaces the column of water above it upwards.
The water that has gone up comes down and splits into two waves. One wave travels out to sea and the other wave travels towards the coastal areas of south-east Asia.
The wave reaches the shoreline and gains height before it crashes onto the land.
Primary cause = the earthquake
Secondary cause = the Tsunami wave

29. Tsunami – Indian Ocean, Boxing Day, 2004
Immediate Effects
Deaths:
Serious injuries:
4500 fishing boats destroyed in India
Fresh water reservoirs unusable for drinking water.
Bodies littered the streets
Injured people wounds became infected
Long-term Effects
2 million homeless
 1500 homes in Banda Aceh (city in Indonesia) completely destroyed. Only one mosque left standing.
Loss of tourism and fishing economies in Indonesia, Thailand and India.
Immediate Responses
Food, sheeting and tents sent by MEDCs.
Fresh water and water purification tablets sent from the international community.
Medical teams sent from MEDCs.
Mass graves had to be set up
Long-term Responses
Rebuilding of homes and businesses, especially in tourist resorts like Phuket in Thailand.
Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System set up in so people have warning and know how to respond if it happens again.

30. Living World

31. Ecosystem
A community of living (animals and vegetation) and non living components (soil and climate) and the relationships that exist between them

32. Climate 1 5
Animals
Soil 3 4 2
Vegetation

33. Producer – organisms that obtain their energy from a primary source such as the sun Consumer – organisms that obtain their energy by eating other organisms Food Chain – a line of links between producers and consumers Food Web – a diagram showing the complex links between producers and consumers

34. Do you know the difference?
Decomposer
Organisms such as bacteria that break down plant and animal material.
Scavenger
Organisms that consume dead animals or plants

35. Biome
Micro
Meso
Macro
Biome – global scale ecosystem dominated by climate e.g. Tropical Rainforest.

36. Location /Distribution
Tropical Rainforests – along the equator (Between the tropic of Cancer and Capricorn)
Deserts – degrees North and South
Temperate Deciduous Forests degrees North and south

37. Biome Case studies Tropical Rainforest Rich Desert Poor Desert
Deciduous Woodland
Name
Borneo, Malaysia
Sonoran Desert, USA
That Desert,
India
Epping Forest, Essex, UK

38. Climates and Soils Biome Tropical Rainforest Desert Deciduous Forest
Temperature
Average daily temp of 28 degrees C (never goes below 20)
Daytime temperatures can be above 40 degrees C
Can be very cold at night
Summers warm – winters cool
Precipitation (rain)
2000mm of rain per year
Humid
No real seasons
Very dry (arid) Less than 250mm of rain per year
Continental Interior
(torrential downpour)
Throughout the year
Soils
Latosol
Fertile Humus layer
Leaching
Red/Iron Rich
Rocky and Sandy
Thin – can have a crust
Salts deposited near the surface
Brown Earth
Fertility comes from leaves which fall in the winter rotting

39. Climate graphs If you have to describe them include numbers! Highest
Lowest
Seasons

40. Stratified Vegetation growing in layers
Tropical Rainforest Deciduous Woodland

41. Vegetation Adaptations
Adaptation feature
Explanation of how it helps the vegetation to cope with the climate
RAINFORESTS:
Buttress roots
Drip tips
Thin, smooth bark
Lianas
Epiphytes
Leaves with flexible bases
DESERTS:
Thick waxy skin
Spikes
Fleshy stem
Long shallow roots
Slow growing plants
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS:
Losing leaves in Autumn
Bluebells flowering in early Spring

42. Tropical Rainforest

43. Causes and impacts of deforestion
Cause of deforestation in Malaysia
Detail about the cause
An impact of this cause of deforestation
Economic, social or environmental impact?
Commercial Logging
 Clear felling was common in the 1980s.
 Deforestation threatens the survival of many species, including the orang-utan
 A local Penan community protested against a logging company and were imprisoned.
Malaysia was the biggest exporter of tropical woods and so made a lot of money.
Energy
 $2bn Bakun Dam project flooded thousands of hectares of forest to provide hydroelectric power for new industries.
 9000 Kenyah people have been forced to move from the flooded area. They are traditional subsistence farmers (farm enough to eat but not sell) but are being asked to pay to be rehoused. Many suffer from depression and alcoholism.
Mining
For tin and drilling for oil and gas. Forest has been cleared for operations and construction of roads.
 Land and rivers have been polluted by mining chemicals and affected local food chains.
Commercial plantations
 Forest was cleared for rubber plantations and, in the 1970s, for oil palm. 10 year tax breaks for owners has led to more forest being converted to plantations.
 Malaysia was the largest exporter of palm oil in the world and so made a lot of money.

44. Sustainable management in the Tropical Rainforest
Name of strategy
International or national?
Selective Management System (SMS)
 Tree is removed from forest by water buffalo rather than a lorry.
Fully grown trees are selected.
Arrows painted on trees to show which direction it should be felled (cut down)
Replacement tree is planted.
Permanent Forest Estates
 Areas of forest are protected – no development or conversion to plantations is allowed.
10% has special conservation status
Forest Stewardship Council
 Educates people to buy soft, fast growing wood like pine rather than hard, slow growing wood like mahogany.
Educates manufacturers and consumers (buyers) to buy wood only from sustainable sources (all their products have the FSC label on)
Ecotourism
 Borneo – swiftlet nest caves (one used by swiftlets, one harvested for their nests to sell, one shown off to tourists)
 Borneo – turtles (used to eat them, now have a hatchery to show tourists who then set them free into the oceans)
Tourism that focuses on
protecting the environment
and the local way of life.
Debt relief
 LEDCs are paid money by MEDCs to make sure their rainforests are not cut down

45. Deciduous Woodland

46. Recreation – interpreting a map
Use the key to suggest recreational activities that may take place in this ecosystem

47. Sustainable management in Deciduous Woodland (Epping Forest – Essex)
Management strategy:
What makes this management option sustainable? (How does it allow us to use the forest today whilst ensuring that future generations will also be able to benefit from the forest? )
Pollarding of over 1000 ancient trees.
Cutting trees at shoulder height (above the level of grazing animals). Trees reshoot new branches.
1600 ha of forest is a Site of Special Scientific Interest.
This offers protection under law to the forests large number of ancient trees which support a large number of animals and other vegetation.
Old trees.
Are allowed to die and collapse naturally unless they are dangerous.
Recreation.
Riding and mountain biking are restricted in places and footpaths are maintained to a good standard.

48. Deserts

49. Economic opportunity (employment) Management (response)
Economic opportunities, challenges and management MEDC/RICH DESERT SONORAN DESERT, USA
Sonoran Desert, USA
Economic opportunity (employment)
Challenge (problems)
Management (response)
Families migrated to the Phoenix and Tucson to work on the huge farms, mainly growing cotton which uses a lot of water.
Farms grow wheat, barley, pecan nuts and durum wheat which is exported to Italy to make pasta.
In 2007, Marana began hosting golf’s PGA Matchplay Championship
Retirement migration has meant lots of new housing complexes have had to be built for older migrants.
The open space and clean atmosphere are very attractive to holidaymakers.
In the mid-19th century ranching and mining were the big industries.
Habitats that rely on rivers are disappearing as the rivers dry up.
The water table has dropped by nearly 3 metres in some places.
Water is being pumped out of aquifers (underground lakes) faster than they can be refilled.
Lakes with water from Salt River are the main supply of water but can only provide enough for half of the city’s demand.
The water table dropping has led to land the size of North Yorkshire subsiding (sinking) which causes problems for buildings and roads.
The water table has dropped which means getting water from the ground has become more expensive and the water quality has dropped
Spare water from the CAP is being sent to refill aquifers (underground lakes).
Conservation – farms are being shut down so water can be used in the cities.
Central Arizona Project (CAP) is a network of canals that transports water from the Colorado River to the cities of Phoenix and Tucson.
Waste water is being used for jobs that don’t need a high level of purity.
Endangered Species Act – used to prevent developers from building more buildings which will need more water for its residents
A heritage park that celebrates the town’s agricultural past attracts tourists throughout the year. .

50. Economic opportunity (employment) Management (response)
Economic opportunities, challenges and management LEDC/POOR DESERT THAR DESERT, INDIA
Thar Desert, India
Economic opportunity (employment)
Challenge (problems)
Management (response)
Thar Desert is the most densely populated desert in the world (83 people per km2). This is leading to overgrazing and over cultivation (farming) which leads to soil erosion. Once eroded away the soil takes thousands of years to re-form.
Most farmers keep a few animals on the grassy areas and cultivate vegetables and fruit trees so they have some crops to sell at local markets
The Kohlis tribe survive by hunting animals and gathering fruit and natural products such as honey.
Limestone is quarried in Jaisalmer and used in the steel industry.
Rajasthan is rich in minerals and the following are mined: gypsum (makes cement), phospherite (makes fertiliser), kaolin (whitens paper) and feldspar (makes ceramics)
People make a living selling hide and wool from livestock (animals).
Most people are involved with subsistence farming (producing enough food for farmer and family to live off)
Local people act as guides on camel safaris or rear/look after the camels.
Too much irrigation (watering) has led to waterlogging in some areas. Salts get deposited on the ground surface and poison the plants.  
Too much demand for water in some places has caused an unsustainable fall in the water tables (it cannot continue forever).
Sand dunes are unstable and can move across farmland, roads and waterways.
Rainfall is very low ( mm per year) and temperatures are very high (53˚c) which makes commercial farming (farming to make a profit) very difficult.
Prosopis cineraria tree has multiple uses: a) planted in blocks to stabilise sand dunes and stop them moving, b) its pods provide food for animals, c) wood can be used as a strong building material and good quality firewood.
Reserves of firewood, their main source of fuel, is reducing so people are using manure as fuel rather than using manure to fertilise the soil.
The 650km long Indira Gandhi Canal was built in It provides drinking water for many people in the desert and means that commercial farming of wheat and cotton (selling these for a profit) occurs in the Jodhpur and Jaisalmer.
Trees and fences are built alongside roads and canals to block the movement of sand dunes across them.
Thar Desert National Park has been created to protect 3000 km2 of desert vegetation and wildlife. 
The Ber Tree produces large plums and can survive in low rainfall conditions. The plums can then be sold for a decent profit.

51. Sustainable Management
Protected for future generations
Describe the strategy but also link this to how this leads to protecting the environment for future generations to use

52. Water on the land EROSION TRANSPORTATION DEPOSITION
Wearing away of the land due to high energy
Movement of material downstream after it ahs been eroded
Low Energy – dropping of material being transported.
Hydraulic Action
Abrasion
Attrition
Corrosion
Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution

53. River Profile

54. Landforms ‘V-shaped Valley’
Vertical erosion Weathering V shaped Valley

55. Landforms ‘Waterfall’
Resistant and less resistant rock
Soft rock is eroded by (describe processes)
Undercuts hard rock
Hard rock collapses into plunge pool
Forms a steep sided gorge

56. Landforms ‘Meander and Oxbow Lake’
Lateral erosion on the outside of the bend because of Hydraulic action… (describe erosion processes)
Deposition on the inside of the bend where there is less energy.
Neck narrows over time
Flood event / high discharge breaks through neck
Forms an Oxbow lake
Cross Section
Make sure you label the inside and outside!

57. Landforms ‘Floodplain’
Meander erodes a flat valley floor either side of the river channel. Deposits alluvial sediments – larger near river channel Leaves layers of flat fertile land with raised levees either side of channel

58. Flooding Discharge Lag time Interception Infiltration Percolation
Permeable/impermeable

59. Discharge:

60. Frequency and location of flooding in the UK
More frequent
March 1947 – Major floods
January 1953
1968 – Great Flood (South East England)
Gap
1998 onwards – annual occurrence

61. Flooding – MEDC/RICH Boscastle 2004 Physical Causes (Natural)
Human Causes (People)
Confluence of 2 rivers (Valency and Jordan)
Small drainage basin.
Heavy rain saturated the moors.
Urbanisation of steep sided valley.
Bridges were built.
Clearing of vegetation in valley so tourists could see the views.
River Jordan passes through 100m underground culvert.
Immediate effects
Long-term Effect
60 cars swept out to sea
1 person with a broken finger.
Belongings lost
People/tourists could not return to their homes
Tourist information centre damaged
80 buildings damaged and 3 houses destroyed.
25 businesses damaged (e.g. Harbour restaurant) so loss of tourist income
Tourism number fell in following year
£10million damage caused
Some areas of the town improved after repairs
Immediate Responses
Long-term responses
Search and rescue used boats to reach people.
150 people airlifted to safety by helicopter.
Homeless moved overnight to Camelford town hall.
Yellow marks on vehicles and buildings checked.
Food and water donated
£ flood defence scheme completed 2005.
New bigger culvert built on River Jordan that can carry at least twice the floodwater of the old one.
Wide bridge installed and old Victorian bridge removed.

62. Flooding – LEDC/POOR Bangladesh 2004 Physical Causes (Natural)
Human Causes (People)
70% of the land area is less than a metre above sea level.
Heavy monsoon rains – 350mm in 24 hours.
Snow melt from the Himalayas.
Huge population growth leads to mass deforestation.
Deforestation leads to soil erosion which causes the bed of the River Brahmaputra to rise by 5cm per year.
Immediate effects
Long-term Effect
30 million people homeless.
760 people killed.
60% of the country flooded
Mud and raw sewage spead
$7 Billion dollars damage to schools and hospitals
Rice growing and fish farming disrupted.
More than 1m children suffered malnutrition and disease.
Immediate Responses
Long-term responses
Heavy reliance on emergency aid from UN, charities and MEDC governments.
WaterAid (NGO) supplied water purification tablets and posters highlighting the hygiene risk in flood water.
NGOs gave out food, blankets, medicines
Flood shelters have been built – areas of raised land where people can move with their cattle and have access to dried food and clean water.
Super ducks (eggs)/fish farming / growing pumpkins
5 inches of rain fell in 7 hours .
3500km of coastal and river embankments built.
The damage to farming and schools and hospitals was put at $7 billion.

63. Differences between rich and poor
Effects
Responses

64. Flood Prevention Hard Engineering Soft Engineering Description
This strategy involves the use of technology in order to control rivers. It is expensive and needs to be maintained.
This option works with the natural river and avoids building in areas likely to flood. It is usually cheaper and has less of a negative environmental impact
Examples
Dams
Reservoirs
Raised levees
Dredging rivers
Straighten channels
Building concrete walls
Warning systems
Planting more trees in the drainage basin
Land use zoning
Preparation
Do nothing (let nature take its toll)

65. Case studies – Hard Engineering. China, Three Gorges Dam
How it controls floods
Water fills the area behind the dam and is released during low rainfall times and held back during high rainfall times.
Benefits (positives)
Economic
Social
Environmental
The dam will protect over 15 million people living in high risk flood areas from flooding events.
China gets 10% of its electricity from the Hydro Electric Power stations on the dam.
Thousands of jobs created because of the building and maintenance of the dam and HEP scheme.
The dam will protect the flooding of over hectares of farmland.
China will use less coal because of using HEP so reduce its greenhouse gas emissions.
Costs (negatives)
Cost $25.5 billion.
Areas downstream will not get the fertile sediment from the river which will affect farming.
The Yangtse used to carry over 500m tonnes of silt every year, 50% of which now silts up behind the dam, reducing the storage capacity of the reservoir and making it less effective. It is costly to fix this problem
1.4 million people were forcibly removed from their homes to make way for the dam, reservoir and power stations.
Over 150 towns and 4500 villages were flooded.
The natural flow of water in the River Yangtse is prevented by the dam (a concrete barrier across a valley) built at Yichang.
Water in the reservoir is becoming heavily polluted from ships and toxic waste from factories, mines and waste tips.

66. Soft engineering
Environment agency Flood Warning systems Send texts direct to registered users Flood watch and then flood warning Website Information about how to prepare for a flood.

67. Flood Transfer Scheme Water Surplus Water Stress Water deficit Details
Storage
Transfer
Positives
Negatives
Kielder water
Northumberland
Scottish border
Reservoir/Dam
River Tyne and Wear
13km pipeline to link lower Tees and River Ouse
No droughts
Used for recreation
Job opportunities
Cost £80 million
Flooded farmland
Could spread diseases between rivers

68. Case study = Kielder Water in Northumberland
Social effects of Kielder Water
Economic effects of Kielder Water
Environmental effects of Kielder Water
Farming communities were displaced (forced to move)
Water and land based activities attract ¼ million visitors each year.
Created jobs in the water industry, tourism and forestry as previously there were only farming jobs available.
It is a multipurpose scheme – used for water supply, flood control, tourism and forestry
The dam water generates HEP to supply homes and industry in the region.
No problem of water shortage in NE England so industries do not suffer.
Flooded an area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
1.5 million trees were deforested to make way for the lake.

69. MAP SKILLS

70. Maps
Choropleth
Topological
Physical

71. Compass rose How can we remember the points of the compass?
‘Never eat shredded wheat!’
Now think of your own slogan.

72. 4-figure grid references

73. 6-figure grid references

74. 6-figure grid references

75. Scale