Fluid and Electrolytes

Fluid and Electrolytes
CSON Spring 2009 PREPARED BY CARLA HILTON, MSN, RN PRESENTED AND REVISED BY REBECCA POWERS, MSN, RN 15 questions from all of powers’ stuff…

Water Balance = Homeostasis
Water in the body is used to or for: Transporting nutrients & oxygen to cells Removing waste from cells Provides medium in which electrolyte chemical reactions can occur Regulation of body temperature Lubricates joints and membranes Provides medium for food digestion liter of water weighs 2.2 lbs The most accurate way to measure fluid status in a person is daily weights, not I&O!!!

Water Distribution ICF: Intracellular fluid
ECF: Extracellular fluid (lymph system, interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid or plasma) TCF: Transcellular fluid (cerebral spinal fluid, fluid in joints, GI tract, and peritoneal fluid) Third spacing: (a condition where fluid accumulates in a pocket that isn’t really serving a purpose. Acieties (sp?)- where fluid hangs out in your abd. The fluid is coming from somewhere else.) More fluid in intracellular than anywhere else in the body!

Osmolarity / Osmolality
Osmole: the amount of substance that dissociates in solution to form one mole of osmotically active particles Concentration of solution measured in osmoles

Osmolarity / Osmolality
Osmolality is measured in milliOsmols/Kg (mOsm/Kg) Osmolarity is measured in milliOsmols/L (mOsm/L) Evaluates serum and urine in clinical practice Normal: serum osmolality 275 – 295 mOsm/K Lality= total volume will equal 1 L plus the amount of volume taken up by the solids! The koolaid and water equal a L Larity= volume is going to be less than 1 L. The koolaid minus the water.

Concentrations of Solutions
Isotonic: Same osmolarity as blood plasma…no osmotic “pull” Hypotonic: Less concentration than blood plasma…lower osmotic pressure Hypertonic: More concentration than blood plasma….higher osmotic pressure

Movement of Water Intracellular & extracellular approximately same osmolality Solvent (water) and solutes (electrolytes) move across selectively permeable membranes (compartments) in the body (the bigger the particle, the slower they move, and they may need a little boost…)

Review of Terms Osmosis Diffusion Active transport Passive transport
Filtration Hydrostatic pressure

Osmosis Review Movement of water only Speed of movement affected by:
temperature of fluid concentration of fluid electrical charge of particles in solution The higher the solute concentration, the greater the osmotic pressure is.

Other Mechanisms of Movement
Diffusion: Solute (or gas) moves from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration Facilitated diffusion: Solute moves against concentration gradient (passive transport) Active transport: Solute moved against concentration gradient using ENERGY

Active Transport Na+/K+ pump: Maintains the higher concentrations of extracellular Na+ and intracellular K+ In the cell, K is King. i.e. K is the major cation of the cell, Na is outside the cell.

Continued Filtration: solutes & solvent move together in response to fluid pressure; moves from area of high pressure (hydrostatic pressure) to area of low pressure Hydrostatic pressure: The force within a fluid compartment (as in the vascular system) The pressure that forces the fluid out of your capillaries. Colloidal Osmotic Pressure – pulls it back into the capillaries.

Regulation of Body Fluids
Intake: osmoreceptors sense osmolality of serum, signals the hypothalamus, stimulates thirst Impact on intake: Age (decreases desire to drink), conciousness, ability to take in fluids Output: kidneys, lungs, GI tract, skin Sensible: measurable….urine output, excessive perspiration, diarrhea, vomiting Insensible: immeasurable…normal perspiration, normal breathing Output for adults should be one mL/kg (of body weight) an hour

Potter & Perry 7th edition, table 41-2
Potter & Perry 7th edition, table JUST FOR AN IDEA, NOT FOR ANY KIND OF MEMORIZATION OR ANYTHING!!! DON’T LEARN THIS!

Role of the Kidneys Filter approx 180 Liters of blood per day; GFR (glomerular filtration rate) Produces urine between 1-2 Liters/day If loss of 1% to 2% of body water, will conserve water by reabsorbing more water from filtrate; urine will be more concentrated If gain of excess body water, will excrete more water from filtrate; urine will be more diluted From Fluids & Electrolytes Made Incredibly Easy, 4th edition.

Hormonal Control Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Prevents diuresis; “water saving” Question: Osmoreceptors sensing a/an increase in osmolality will cause the release of ADH ADH acts on kidneys via the renal tubules. Makes them more permeable to water. The water will move from the tubes back into your body.

Hormonal Control RAA (Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone): cascade initiated by decrease in renal perfusion or low Na+ If extracellular volume is decreased renal perfusion decreases renin secreted by kidneys renin acts to produce angiotensin I which then converts to angiotensin II results in massive vasoconstriction increases renal arterial perfusion and causes increased thirst, a release of aldosterone (causes the retention of Na and Water)

Hormonal Control Aldosterone:
Angiotensin II causes the adrenal gland to release aldosterone Aldosterone causes the kidneys to retain Na+ and water Volume regulator….released if Na+ is low and K+ is high; increases reabsorption of Na+ (where salt goes, water follows) and the excretion of K+

ANP Atrial Natriuretic Peptide: (ANP): secreted from atrial cells of heart (in response to too much volume in the blood) acts as diuretic inhibits thirst mechanism suppresses the RAA cascade

Thirst Mechanism Regulated by the hypothalamus Stimulates thirst:
increased osmolality of ECF decreased ECF dry mucous membranes Causes: eating salty foods, inadequate intake, excessive water loss

Pressure Sensors Baroreceptors: Nerve receptors that sense pressure in blood vessels (think barometer measures pressure in the atmosphere, this measures pressure in the blood vessels) Low pressure: sensors in the cardiac atria; stimulate SNS (sympathetic nervous system) & inhibits PSNS (parasympathetic nervous system) (sns will increase heart rate and BP) High pressure: sensors in the aortic arch, carotid sinus, and the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney; stimulates PSNS and inhibits the SNS (psns will decrease your heart rate and lower BP)

Pressure Sensors Osmorecptors: Sense Na+ concentration
Positioned on surface of hypothalamus Increase in Na+ concentration: stimulates release of ADH Decrease in Na+ concentration: inhibits release of ADH

ELECTROLYTES and OTHER LABS RELATED TO FLUID VOLUME STATUS

Electrolytes Minerals and salts: electrolytes
Cations: Positively charged; sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium Major cation in ECF is sodium Anions: Negatively charged; chloride, bicarbonate, sulfate Major cation in ICF is potassium

Memorize Na, K, and Ca for the exam!

Hyponatremia Usually loss of Na w/o loss of fluid
Causes Salt wasting fr. Kidney Adrenal insufficiency GI losses Profuse sweating Diuretics SIADH Syndrome of inappropriate Anti-Diruetic Hormone Inadequate Na intake Physical Exam Apprehension Personality change Postural hypotension Tachycardia Convulsions/coma NV&D Anorexia ADH causes retention of water Ratio of water to Na changes Effect is LOW sodium compared to amount of water

Hyponatremia cont’d Labs Treatment Serum Na+ below 135 mEq/L
Serum Osmolality below 280 mOsm/kg Urine specific gravity below 1.010 Treatment Restrict water Sodium replacement

Hypernatremia Causes Signs & Sxms  ingestion of salt
Iatrogenic (we caused it)  aldosterone Water deprivation Signs & Sxms Thirst, sticky tongue Dry, flushed skin Fever Convulsions, irritability

Hypernatremia cont’d Labs Treatment Hypotonic IV solution or D5W
Serum Na+ above 145 mEq/L Serum Osmolality above 295 mOsm/kg Urine specific gravity above 1.030 Treatment Hypotonic IV solution or D5W

Urine Na+ Studies Urine Na+ Random normal range = 50 -130 mEq/L
Assesses volume status Aids in diagnosing hyponatremia & acute renal failure Random normal range = mEq/L 24 hour = mEq/L

Hypokalemia Causes Signs & Sxms Diuretics that “waste” potassium
D, V, & gastric suction  aldosterone Polyuria, sweating Iatrogenic – K+ poor solutions Signs & Sxms Weakness, fatigue  muscle tone Hypoactive bowel sounds and distention Weak, irregular pulse Paresthesias SOMETHING ABOUT CARDIAC FUNCTION

Hypokalemia cont’d Labs Treatment Oral K+ or IV solution w/K+
K+ below 3.5 mEq/L ECG abnormalities Treatment Oral K+ or IV solution w/K+ Increased dietary K+

Hyperkalemia Causes Signs & Sxms Renal failure Anxiety
Fluid vol. deficit Massive cellular injury (trauma/burns) Iatrogenic Potassium “sparing” diuretics Addison’s disease Signs & Sxms Anxiety Dysrrhythmias Paresthesia (numbness, pins & needles feeling) Weakness Diarrhea

Hyperkalemia cont’d Labs Treatment Serum K+ above 5.0 mEq/L.
ECG abnormalities – can lead to arrest (if too high or too low) Treatment Kayexalate IV Na+ bicarb IV Ca+ gluconate Regular insulin and hypertonic dextrose IV Limit via diet Possible dialysis

Hypocalcemia Causes Signs & Sxms Rapid admin of blood w citrate
Hypoalbuminemia Hypoparathyroidism Vit. D deficiency Pancreatitis Stuff that relates back to preexisting conditions Signs & Sxms Numbness, tingling of fingers & mouth Hyperactive reflexes Tetany- a muscle contraction that stays contracted Muscle cramps Pathological fractures

Hypocalcemia cont’d Labs Treatment Serum Ca++ below 4.5 mEq/L
ECG abnormalities Treatment Increase dietary intake IV calcium gluconate Ca+ & vit D supplements

Hypercalcemia Causes Signs & Sxms Hyperparathyroidism Osteometastasis
Paget’s disease Osteoporosis Prolonged immobilization Signs & Sxms Anorexia, N & V Weakness, lethargy Low back pain (stones) Decreased LOC Personality changes Cardiac arrest

Hypercalcemia cont’d Labs Treatment Serum Ca++ above 5.5 mEq/L
X-rays showing osteoporosis Stones &  BUN / creatinine fr. FVD or renal damage Treatment Lasix (diuretic) Increased fluids

Hypomagnesemia Causes Signs & Sxms Inadequate intake
Alcohol, Malnutrition Inadequate absorption V&D, Gastric aspirate Fistulas, Sm. Bowel Loss fr. Diuretics Polyuria Signs & Sxms Tremors Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes Confusion Dysrhythmias

Hypomagnesemia cont’d
Labs Serum Mg++ below 1.5 mEq/L Treatment Mag sulfate IV Oral replacement Increase dietary intake

Hypermagnesemia Causes Signs & Sxms Renal failure
Excess intake of magnesium Signs & Sxms Most frequently seen in acute Hypoactive deep tendon reflexes & drowsiness Decreased depth and rate of resp. Hypotension flushing

Hypermagnesemia cont’d
Labs Serum Mg++ levels above 2.5 mEq/L Treatment IV calcium gluconate Loop diuretics NS or LR IV solutions Dialysis

Additional Lab Data Hematocrit Normal: M = 40-50%; F = 37-47%
Measures the volume % of RBC’s in whole blood Normal: M = 40-50%; F = 37-47% Increases with dehydration (hemoconcentration) Decreases with overhydration (hemodilution)

FLUID & ELECTROLYTES MADE INCREDIBLY EASY, 4TH ED.
Hematocrit & Fluid Volume Status From “Fluids & Electrolytes Made Incredibly Easy” 4th ed. FLUID & ELECTROLYTES MADE INCREDIBLY EASY, 4TH ED. Fluids & Electrolytes Made Incredibly Easy

Lab Data (cont’d) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Measures kidney function
Normal range: 7-20mg/dL Varies with protein intake, fever, dehydration, GI bleeding, liver failure, etc.

Lab Data (cont’d) Creatinine End product of muscle metabolism
Better indicator of renal function than BUN Doesn’t vary w protein intake or metabolic state Normal range: mg/dL in 24 hr urine collection Serum: adult female: 0.5 to 1.1mg/dL adult male: 0.6 to 1.2mg/dL

Lab Data (cont’d) Urine Specific Gravity Normal range = 1.010 - 1.025
Measures ability of kidney to excrete or conserve water Normal range = Increased S.G.= concentrated urine Decreased S.G.= dilute urine

Lab Data (cont’d) Serum Osmolarity Remember norm?
Most accurate for kidney function Remember norm? mOsm/L Measured directly through blood Indirectly using Serum Osmolarity Formula

Maintaining Fluid Balance

Fluid Imbalances Isotonic
Deficit – water, electrolytes and solutes lost in equal proportions to body solutions Excess – water, electrolytes and solutes gained in equal proportions to body solution FVD - fluid volume deficit-HYPOVOLEMIA FVE - fluid volume excess-HYPERVOLEMIA

Fluid Disturbances Osmolar Imbalances Hyperosmolar – Dehydration
Hypoosmolar – Water excess Loss or excesses of water only Leads to alteration in concentration of serum

ISOTONIC FLUID DISTURBANCES

Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)
Water AND solutes lost in equal proportion. Diarrhea, vomiting, fistulas, drains Bleeding, burns Fever, excessive perspiration Inadequate fluid intake Diuretics GI suctioning

FVD: Signs & Symptoms Mild Moderate Dry mouth, furrowed tongue
Orthostatic or postural hypotension Restlessness & anxiety Tachycardia Less than 5% weight loss Moderate Confusion, irritability, thirst, cool & clammy Urine output 30cc/hr or less Rapid weight loss Slowed vein filling

FVD: Signs & Symptoms (cont’d)
Severe Pale Flattened neck veins, delayed capillary refill Urine output less than 10cc/hr Marked hypotension, tachycardia, weak or absent pulses (shock) Can lead to unconsciousness

FVD: Labs Lab findings vary depending on the cause
Decreased H/H with hemorrhage Increased Hct Elevated BUN Urine specific gravity greater than 1.030

FVD: Nursing Diagnosis Statement
Example: Fluid volume deficit r/t active fluid volume loss as evidenced by decreased blood pressure (90/50 mmHg), thirst, fever (102°), rapid heart rate (110 bpm), urine output less than or equal to 25 mL/hr, & urine specific gravity of

FVD: Goal Statement Client will achieve fluid balance AEB
urine output equal to or greater than 30 mL/hr Elastic skin turgor and moist mucous membranes

FVD: Medical Interventions
Treat cause Replacing fluids intravenously isotonic if hypotensive (expand plasma volume) hypotonic if normotensive (provides electrolytes and water) Encourage fluids Ensure adequate O2 and perfusion Increase blood counts, BP, & albumin levels Teaching

FVD: Nursing Interventions
Ensure patent airway, adjust O2 levels as ordered Lower HOB if tolerated or not contraindicated Direct pressure to bleeding, if present Administer meds, blood, albumin, & IV fluids

FVD: Nursing Interventions (cont’d)
Weigh patients daily Provide skin care Maintain strict I&O Monitor vital signs Monitor lab work

FVD: Teaching Nature of condition & causes Warning S/S
Treatments & importance of compliance Change positions slowly Monitor BP & pulse rate Give prescribed medications

Fluid Volume Excess (FVE)
Water AND solutes gained in excess of normal body levels Causes: Isotonic fluid overload Excess sodium intake CHF, renal failure, cirrhosis Increase in steroids or serum aldosterone

FVE: Signs & Symptoms Generalized Cardiovascular Respiratory
Acute weight gain Mild-mod 5-10% Severe > 10% Edema dependent, sacral, pulmonary Cardiovascular Tachycardia, bounding pulse, distended neck veins, increased BP Respiratory Dyspnea, tachypnea, crackles, frothy cough

FVE: Lab Values Decreased hematocrit Decreased BUN Low O2 levels

FVE: Nursing Diagnosis Statement
Fluid volume excess r/t excess fluid intake aeb Hct of 23, 10# weight gain in two days, dyspnea (Pt states, “I can’t get enough air.”), and crackles on inspiration and expiration in all lobes.

FVE: Related Nursing Diagnoses
Ineffective breathing pattern r/t increased fluids Impaired skin integrity r/t excess fluids Confusion

FVE: Client Goals & Outcomes
Aimed at cause Decrease circulating fluid volume Lower BP and pulse Improve breathing status Maintain skin integrity Teaching

FVE: Goal Statement Client will achieve fluid balance manifest in following outcomes Clear breath sounds Denies dyspnea and affirms the ability to breathe adequately

FVE: Nursing Interventions
Restrict Na+ & fluid intake Watch for edema - dependent & respiratory Provide measures to facilitate breathing Provide skin care for weeping & edema

FVE: Nursing Interventions (cont’d)
Monitor response to medications Accurate I/O, Consistent daily weight, VS, monitor labs Advise HCP if poor response to therapy Hemodialysis may be needed

FVE: Teaching Nature of condition and causes Signs and symptoms
Treatments and importance of compliance Need to monitor BP, P, O2 Sat, & weight Rationale for Na+ and fluid restrictions Medications

Osmolar Imbalances

Hyperosmolar: Dehydration
Loss of water = increased serum osmolality increased serum Na+ Compensatory Mechanism: water shifts out of cells (ICF) into the ECF…..if not corrected, water continues to move out of cells (ICF) and into ECF causing the cells to shrink….shrunken cells don’t function properly!!

REFERENCE: MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING: CRITICAL THINKING FOR COLLABORATIVE CARE, 5TH ED., IGNATAVICUS. FIGURE 15-3, P. 214.

Causes of Dehydration Causes:
Diabetes insipidus, prolonged fever, watery diarrhea, hyperglycemia, failed thirst drive Iatrogenic: hypertonic solutions (IV & tube feeding) Diuresis of water alone

Dehydration: Signs & Symptoms
Irritability, confusion, weakness, dizziness Decreased urine output, darkened urine Dry, sticky mucous membranes, sunken eyeballs, poor turgor, extreme thirst !!! Fever (insensible – continuous) Coma Tachycardia, weak, thready pulse, hypotension

Dehydration: Labs Elevated hematocrit
Elevated serum osmolarity > 295 mOsm/kg Elevated serum sodium > 145 mEq/L Urine specific gravity > 1.030

Dehydration: Nursing Diagnoses
Fluid volume deficit r/t fluid loss Deficient fluid volume r/t excessive fluid loss from GI tract Risk for impaired skin integrity r/t altered metabolic state If you’ve lost 20% of you initial weight from dehydration, you’re probably dead

Dehydration: Potential Nursing Diagnoses
Deficient knowledge: unfamiliarity of disease process Disturbed thought processes r/t neurologic changes / decreased cardiac output Decreased cardiac output r/t excessive fluid loss

Dehydration: Client Goals & Outcomes
Aimed at correcting cause Replace fluids – hypotonic, slowly re-hydrate over 48 hrs (if you go too quickly, you die) Maintain skin integrity Teaching

Dehydration: Nursing Interventions
Replace fluids by PO route first SLOW admin. of salt-free IV solutions Monitor S/S cerebral & pulmonary edema Monitor accurate I/O, VS, daily weights Monitor labs Provide skin and mouth care

Dehydration: Teaching
Disease process of dehydration Treatments Warning signs and symptoms Medications / IV (Vasopressin – D5W) Importance of compliance with therapy Fluid intake not based on thirst alone

Hypoosmolar Water excess Causes Signs & Sxms Labs
SIADH or excess water intake Signs & Sxms Decreased LOC, convulsions, coma Labs Serum Na+ below 135 mEq/L and Serum osmolality below 280 mOsm/kg

Nsg Dx – Goals - Interventions
Similar to FVE Make relevant to underlying cause Is very acute illness

Physical Assessment

History Medical – Acute Illness, surgery, burns
Environment – exercise, hot/cold/dry areas Diet – proteins, lytes, fluids Lifestyle – smoking/alcohol Medication history

Areas of Concern in PA Mental status BP and pulse Skin
I & O’s & WEIGHT Lungs

Geriatric Focus Body-water content (mass related) Kidney function
Cardiac & respiratory function Hormonal regulatory function Thirst sensation Medication Use Skin & subcutaneous fat

Assessment of Geriatric Clients
Skin turgor Assessment is performed where? Cognition Physical being Continence

Laboratory Data BMP / CMP Serum osmolarity Urine specific gravity
Urine sodium Hematocrit Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Creatinine

Clients at Risk for F&E Imbalances
Age Very young Very old Chronic Diseases Cancer Cardiovascular disease, such as congestive heart failure Endocrine disease, such as Cushing's disease and diabetes Malnutrition Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Renal disease, such as progressive renal failure Changes in level of consciousness

Clients at Risk for F&E Imbalances
Trauma Crush injuries Head injuries Burns Major surgery Therapies Diuretics Steroids Intravenous (IV) therapy Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) Gastrointestinal losses Gastroenteritis Nasogastric suctioning Fistulas

Fluid & Electrolytes Nursing DXs
Risk for imbalanced Body temperature Ineffective Breathing pattern Decreased Cardiac output Deficient Fluid volume Risk for deficient Fluid volume Excess Fluid volume Impaired Gas exchange Knowledge deficient regarding disease management Impaired Mobility Impaired Oral mucous membrane Impaired Skin integrity Risk for impaired Skin integrity Ineffective Therapeutic regimen management Impaired Tissue integrity Ineffective Tissue perfusion

Intravenous Fluid Therapy in Fluid Balance Disorders

ISOtonic solutions Same osmolarity as body fluids
mOsm/kg Expands the IVC without pulling fluids from other compartments Examples Normal saline (NS) Lactated Ringers (LR)

IVs: Normal Saline (NS)
Isotonic 0.9% Sodium Chloride Different amounts Sample order 75cc/hr

IVs: Lactated Ringer’s (LR)
Isotonic Solution Contents Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca++, Lactate in sterile water One strength, two common amounts Sample orders 100cc/hr 75cc/hr

HypOtonic solutions RISK Osmolarity less than serum
Pulls fluid from the IVC into the ICC causing cells to expand Over hydration Rehydration Example ½ NS D5W - after absorbed into body RISK

IVs: Dextrose Solutions
Concentrations 5% in water (hypotonic after enters body) 10% in water (hypertonic) 50% in water (rescue solution – small volume) As additive to NS or LR D5NS or D5LR

HypERtonic solutions Osmolarity of solution is higher than serum osmolarity >300 mOsm/kg Pulls fluid from ICC into IVC causing cells to shrink dehydrate Examples D51/2 NS D5NS D5LR 3% NS (CRITICAL Strength)

KNOW THIS SLIDE!!

IVs: Common Additives Potassium (never add to a bag!) Multivitamins
Additives makes the solution hypertonic to some extent – depends on amount

IV Additives: Potassium
Available as KCl (potassium chloride) NEVER add K+ to a bag of fluid Added by pharmacy or premixed Different strengths Sample orders NS c 20 mEq 75 cc/hr LR c 40 mEq 75 cc/hr

Medications Used in Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalance Disorders

Meds: Antidiarrheals Assess I /O & electrolytes Provide oral care
Monitor for constipation Teaching Take as directed Avoid overdose Examples: Lomotil & Immodium

Meds: Antiemetics Assess VS & emesis status before and after
Monitor for extrapyriamidal side effects involuntary movement of eyes, face or limbs, flat affect, shuffled gait, drooling Provide fluid replacements Oral electrolyte solutions Water Sample Meds: Zofran, Phenergan & Vistaril

Meds: Diuretics Assess Examples:
Weight, edema, skin turgor, & mucus membranes, lung sounds Monitor weight, I /O, electrolytes Teaching diet, weigh daily, & dosing times Examples: Thiazides (HCTZ) – HTN Potassium sparing (spironolactone) Osmotic (mannitol) – decrease ICP Loop (lasix) – pull fluids

Meds: Potassium Forms: tablets (SR), effervescent, EC, IV
Administration considerations PO: Give on a full stomach at mealtime am/pm IV: NEVER give as bolus, follow protocol, dilute for IV administration, can burn & lead to infiltration Monitor: K+ levels – monitor EKG if elevated

Meds: Kayexelate Removes K+ from system
Available as enema or by PO route Retain enema for ½ to 1 hr Follow resin w 100 mL water After expulsion, rinse colon w 1 liter of water and drain out immediately

Other Meds r/t F/E status
Glucocorticosteroids Digoxin Electrolyte supplements

Stuff To Add for the Test
A L of fluid weighs 2.2 lbs 1 lb of fluid is 454 mL If a L of fluid weighs 2.2 lbs you need to be able to figure out how many mL a ½ lb is 10% fluid loss is serious, but 20% loss is mostly death If you have someone who begins to have a transfusion reaction (hemolytic) watch for Fever, low back pain, itching, hypotension, N/V, drop in urine output, chest pain, dyspnea If you are doing VS for these people and they have these symptoms, GO FIND THE NURSE IMMEDIATELY! They don’t need any more blood whatsoever!

Fluid and Electrolytes

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Fluid and Electrolytes"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Fluid and Electrolytes

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Fluid and Electrolytes"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback