1. 21-22 November 2013 Umubano Hotel
Current issues in School Leadership & Management in Rwanda Focus on Teacher Development and Motivation
National Symposium on School Leadership
21-22 November 2013
Umubano Hotel
Emmanuel Muvunyi,
Rwanda Education Board

2. American Educational Research Association
“Scratch the surface of an excellent school and you are likely to find an excellent principal. Peer into a failing school and you will find weak leadership”
Leadership has significant effects on student learning, second only to the effects of the quality of Curriculum and teachers’ instruction
Leithwood K., and Riehl, C., (2003)

3. This presentation has 3 parts
Introduction
Implications of recent Education (2003 – 2013) Policy to School L&M (needs, opportunities and challenges)
Preliminary findings from a study that explores teachers' perceptions of the changes in their motivation to teach during

4. The presenter
VVOB/MINEDUC School Management steering committee ( )
Visit to Belgium and UK in Exploring ways and partnerships to strengthen School leadership in Rwandan education system
Current responsibilities as head of Examination and Accreditation, REB
Drawing from my on-going study on changes in teacher motivation ( )

5. Theoretical categorization of Factors determining teachers’ motivation (Frase, 1992)
Extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
WORK CONTENT: Teaching itself
WORK CONTEXT: Teaching environment
Working conditions [class size, teaching load, student discipline, teaching materials]
Quality of School management and professional support
Teacher deployment & staffing
Basic physiological needs/living conditions [money, status, security]
Opportunities for professional development
Occupational status and vocational commitment
Individual characteristics and professional organisations and teacher conduct

6. All pause challenges to school leaders
National aspirations (Vision 2020, EDPRS, ESSP etc) and International commitments (MDGs, EFA etc)
Set ambitious standards for Learning for all children (Access) and attaining the desired learning outcomes
Challenges paused by a complex learning environment (history, resource constraints, varying policy and curriculum requirements, diversity of student characteristics, etc
All pause challenges to school leaders

7. Implications of Education recent Policy reforms to School L&M
Access to Education
Emerging School L&M needs
UPE (2003), extended to 9YBE (2009) and 12YBE (2012)
Community involvement in school
Double shifting
Teacher specialisation
Realignment of the curriculum and course content
Teacher training
Decentralisation of procurement and delivery of learning materials
Large class size
High teaching load
1 head teacher for 9YBE and 12YBE
Community involvement in school affairs
Large numbers of untrained teachers – limited pedagogical skills
Insufficient learning materials

8. Implications of Education recent Policy reforms to School L&M
Access to Education
School L&M needs
UPE (2003), 9YBE (2009) , 12YBE (2012)
Community involvement in schools
Double shifting
Teacher specialisation
Realignment of the curriculum and course content
Teacher training
Decentralisation of procurement and delivery of learning materials
Learners move distances to schools
Teachers acquired professional training

9. Implications of Education recent Policy reforms to School L&M
Teacher Development and Management (TDM) policy 2007
TDM policy provides for a substantial reform and addresses challenges facing teacher education and management
Pre 1998 supply of teachers was not coherently done
No TTIs, no focus on teacher training
Since 1998, teachers are receiving pre-service training through the 12 PTCs , 2CoE, and UR (KIE)

10. Teachers’ management and development structures and policies
National Teacher Registration System (NTRS)
the cornerstone of teacher management at central and decentralized levels (School, Sector, District)
National Teacher Licensing System (NTLS)
provide motivation, quality assurance for teachers and create a teaching profession and educational leadership career pathway
National Teacher Code of Conduct (NTCC)
govern the professional ethics of teachers
Terms and Conditions of Services (TACOS)
enable teacher contracts to be drawn up and signed
National Teacher Professional Standards (NTPS)
enable the setting up of classroom competencies expected of teachers
Teacher Appraisal and Evaluation System (TAES)
facilitate on-going assessment of teacher performance

11. Implications of Education recent Policy reforms to School L&M
Teacher Development and Management (TDM) policy 2007
TDM policy provides for a substantial reform and addresses challenges facing teacher education and management
Establishment of the Teachers’ Savings and Credit Cooperative (SACCO) which is an incentive for teacher motivation and retention
Through the loans, teachers are improving their economic condition

12. Implications of Education recent Policy reforms to School L&M
English as a Language of Learning (LoL)
Emerging School L&M needs
Face to Face
School Based Mentoring 2012
Large numbers of teachers with low English language skills
Ensure learners achieve the Learning objectives

13. in their motivation to teach during 2008-13
About the study
Teacher motivation and incentives in Rwanda:
An exploration into teachers' perceptions of the changes
in their motivation to teach during
Explores the trend of teacher motivation in Rwanda over 5 years ( )
Study by Bennell et al. (2008), findings used as a baseline for the current study
Mixed methodology approach combining QUAL and QUANT methods
Survey administered with sub-sample of 248 teacher (550 Bennel study)
Purpose is to inquire about teachers’ perceptions on the impact of the policy changes that took place during the last 5 years, in particular with respect to how motivated they have been and seek to understand if motivations are linked to policy changes
2 intertwined RQs:
(1) what are the main incentives introduced by the government of Rwanda between 2008 and 2013 to improve teachers' motivations, and what processes were followed?
(2) In the opinion of teachers, how is that these incentives have changed, or not, teachers' motivations to perform their jobs?

14. Administrators of your school (HTs, Dep
Administrators of your school (HTs, Dep. HTs and School management committees) show commitment and competence to lead the school well

15. The school management promotes good relationship between the various categories of teachers at your school (Including: Veteran teachers, NQTs, Volunteers and English language SBMs)

16. Do you consider the way teachers at your school are managed & supported as a source of your motivation to teach?

17. The ways in which teacher inspection, promotions and transfers are done at my school are sources of my motivation to teach

18. During , teachers in your school were respected by the parents and community around the school

19. Are you a member of Umwalimu SACCO teachers' cooperative?

20. Members of Umwalimu SACCO teachers' cooperative who benefitted from the teachers loans (2008-13)

21. What is the impact of student behaviour to your motivation to teach during 2008-13?

22. Unfinished business Institutionalization of the School L&M programme
Teaching profession and educational leadership career pathway
PRESET – Centre at the Teacher Training
INSET - School based approach
How to create effective school leaders?