1. Georgia and the American Experience
Chapter 8:
The Civil War, A Nation in Conflict
Study Presentation
Adapted by Ms. Bray

2. Georgia and the American Experience
Section 1: The Road to War
Section 2: The War on the Battlefield
Section 3: Life for the Civil War Soldier
Section 4: Life During the Civil War

3. Section 1: The Road to War
Essential Question
What strategies were selected to win the Civil War?

4. Section 1: The Road to War
What words do I need to know?
Conscription (drafted in army)
blockade
blockade runner
King Cotton Diplomacy
strategy

5. The War Begins : Fort Sumter
April 10, 1861, Major General P.G.T. Beauregard leads Confederate Forces during bombardment of Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina
Federal troops and laborers inside Fort Sumter surrender on April 13
Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia secede from the Union
President Abraham Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops to put down the rebellion and protect Washington

6. Assembling Armies
Most soldiers volunteered at first, but later men were conscripted (drafted to serve in the armies) (Tell 2 people what conscription means.)
Some men received bounties (money) to sign up; some signed up, received the bounty, then deserted
Poorer men sometimes accepted money to fight in place of wealthier men who didn’t want to serve

7. Resources: North and South
North had more people from which to create and resupply armies
North had more factories, better railroad system, and most of the nation’s farms and wealth
South had more experienced military leaders, and were highly motivated to defend their familiar homeland to win independence

8. Pg. 258 How many states remained in the Union? How many seceded?

9. Blockade Strategy
Union blockaded all Southern ports to prevent cotton exports and imports of weaponry from foreign countries
Privately operated blockade runners successfully slipped past Union ships to ship goods to and from Europe during the war to the South.
The Union Navy included many ironclads (armored ships)
What was the purpose of a Union blockade of Southern ports?
Point to the blockade.
How important were blockade
runners to the South?

10. Other Wartime Strategies
“Anaconda Plan”: To squeeze Confederacy to death by capturing the Mississippi River and cutting off Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas ….basically splitting the South in half
Capturing Richmond, the capital, might have ended the war early, but General Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army prevented that for years

11. Late War Strategy Destroy Confederate armies on the battlefield
Lay waste to the Southern land, so that civilians would call for an end to the war
General William T. Sherman’s “Atlanta Campaign” (Burning of Atlanta) and “March to the Sea” through Georgia was successful in the “lay waste to land” strategy (page 263)

12. Southern Strategies
Wear down the Union armies, which would hasten the northerners’ desire to end the war
Use swift raiders to help break the Union blockade
King Cotton Diplomacy: Temporarily stop exports to England and France to inspire those nations to help break the Union blockade; France and England instead starting importing Egyptian cotton
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13. Pg. 263 Using your book and notes, answer these questions
Pg. 263 Using your book and notes, answer these questions. Use the “call-a-friend” help if needed.

14. Section 2: The War on the Battlefield
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What were the major battles that took place in Georgia?

15. Section 2: The War on the Battlefield
What words do I need to know?
Chickamauga
Atlanta Campaign
Emancipation Proclamation

16. Freeing the Slaves
Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862
Document gave the Southern Confederacy a choice: Quit the war and keep slavery alive or keep fighting and slaves would be forever free
Deadline was January 1, 1863
The Confederate leaders continued the war and the slaves were declared free by the United States government in 1863
REMEMBER!
The Emancipation Proclamation did NOT outlaw slavery…..it FREED current slaves.
The 13th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution outlawed slavery.
KNOW THAT! Tell 2 people now! Pg

17. The Fall of Fort Pulaski Pg. 268
More than 100 battles or skirmishes in Georgia; 92 happened in 1864 during the Atlanta and Savannah campaigns
First battle, April 10, 1862, was at all-brick Fort Pulaski, near Tybee Island
Rifled cannon used by U.S. Army in warfare for the first time; the Confederates surrendered the fort in less than two days
No brick American forts were built after this battle

18. The Battle of Chickamauga pg. 271
September 1863
Just inside Georgia, seven miles south of Chattanooga, Tennessee
Chattanooga was major railroad center
Union troops were driven back to Chattanooga; Confederates did not follow-up on their victory
Union reinforcements later recaptured Chattanooga
Indian meaning for Chickamauga
is “River of Death.”
NORTH WON.

19. The Atlanta Campaign pg. 273
Late Spring/Early Summer 1864: Sherman’s Union Army fought series of battles against Joseph E. Johnston’s Confederate Army
Confederates continued to retreat further southward into Georgia
June 1864: Sherman attacked Johnston at Kennesaw Mountain; Sherman lost but continued toward Atlanta
July 1864: John Bell Hood replaced Johnston, battled Sherman, then concentrated defenses in Atlanta

20. The Battle of Atlanta Sherman surrounded the city and laid siege
Hood wanted to lure Sherman into the city to fight, but that didn’t work
Fighting continued during July and August 1864
Hood and Atlanta’s citizens finally vacate the city on September 1
Sherman burns the city in mid-November then begins his march toward Savannah and the sea

21. Battle of Atlanta

22. Battle of Atlanta

23. Sherman’s March to the Sea
Sherman’s Union army destroys everything in its path, 300 miles from Atlanta to Savannah
A sixty mile-wide area is burned, destroyed, and ruined during a two-month period
Estimated losses exceeded $100 million
Captured, but did not burn, Savannah in December 1864
Loaded and shipped $28 million worth of cotton, stored in Savannah, to the North
The South lost 75% of its total wealth by the end of the Civil War.

24. The Civil War Ends pg. 274
January 13, 1865: Fort Fisher in North Carolina captured;the last Confederate blockade-running port
General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Virginia cannot defeat Union General U.S. Grant at Petersburg; he surrenders his army at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865
Confederate President Jefferson Davis flees and is eventually captured in Irwinville, Georgia

25. Civil War Prisons
Both North and South had prisons for captured soldiers; thousands of men on both sides died in these prisons
Andersonville Prison, in southwest Georgia, was overcrowded, and offered poor food, contaminated water, and poor sanitation; 13,700 Union soldiers are buried there
Captain Henry Wirtz, Andersonville Prison commander, was later hanged for “excessive cruelty”
Andersonville is now home to the National Prisoner of War Museum
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26. Pg. 276. Using your book and notes, answer the following questions
Pg Using your book and notes, answer the following questions. You may use the “call-a-friend” strategy if needed.

27. Section 3: Life for the Civil War Soldier
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What was life like for the common soldiers of the Civil War?

28. Section 3: Life for the Civil War Soldier
What words do I need to know?
Sutler wagon
rations
common soldier

29. The Civil War Soldier
Page 278….
Soldiers from both North and South had to depend on food found in the woods or taken from farms. The term favored by the soldiers was “liberating” chickens, hogs, pies, and eggs.
For soldiers with money, hunger pangs could be eased by a visit to the sutler wagons. Though not a part of the military, sutler wagons followed behind the troops and were packed with food, razors, writing papers and pens, sewing needles, and other goods.
Prices, especially those for food, were often double or triple the item’s normal cost. A dozen eggs, for example, could set the soldier back $6, which is expensive even by today’s standards but which was a small fortune to a soldier in Civil War days.
By far the most valuable item, particularly during the summer, was water. Many men on both sides of the battles were felled not by bullets or cannon fire, but by dehydration (lack of water).
Most were under the age of 21; over 250,000 were 16-years-old or younger
Most came from lower socioeconomic groups; wanted to seek adventure or escape boredom of farm life
Rations (very rigid portions of food) were generally better for Northern soldiers than Southern soldiers
Sutler wagons followed troops, and sold soldiers a variety of goods and foods; their items were very expensive, however

30. Pictures of sutler wagons following soldiers in Civil War and setting up tents from the wagons to sell supplies to the soldiers. Prices of goods were usually severely over-priced and intended to take advantage of the predicament a soldier was in (desperate need of food or supplies and unable to attain the supplies any other way). How do you feel about the sutler wagon drivers?

31. Uniforms and Supplies
In the early months of the war, troops wore a variety of uniforms; sometimes armies were hard to tell apart
The Confederate soldiers eventually wore gray pants or butternut-dyed homemade clothes
Union soldiers wore blue uniforms, most mass produced in factories

32. Weaponry
Forty-inch barrel Springfield rifles replaced single-shot, muzzle-loading .54 caliber rifles
Confederate soldiers often fought with foreign rifles, (why?) but when they broke, they depended on rifles they could gather from the battlefield
Infantry on both sides carried long fighting blades
Refer to the hand-out called Civil War Firsts for a list of inventions created and put to use out of necessity during this era.

33. Camp Life Boredom between battles was common
Men wrote and read letters, played practical jokes (find the practical joke on page 280), played games, or sang
Many men whittled, carving items out of wood, bone, and other material
Games of baseball were common (Opposing troops would often meet up during a break in the fighting to sing, play ball, and cook together and then resume fighting the next day.)
Religious gatherings, including Bible and singing were popular

34. Black Soldiers pg. 282
Some 178,985 enlisted men served in black regiments during the Civil War
The 54th Massachusetts, led by Col. Robert Shaw (a white officer) led an assault on Fort Wagner, South Carolina in 1863; the battle proved the value of black troops
3,500 black men from Georgia fought in the Union Army
The Confederate government in 1865 passed a law allowing black slaves to fight in Southern armies; the war ended before a black regiment was organized

35. Latino Service
Many immigrants from Spain and Latin America were recruited for the Union Army
Admiral David Farragut, a Latino, became first U.S. Naval Admiral; he was a hero for capturing Mobile Bay and other ports
Loreta Velazquez fought for the Confederacy (disguised as a man) and served as a Confederate spy
Several states contributed entire Latino battalions
Pg. 283
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37. Using your book, notes, and concept maps, answer the following questions. Don’t forget you can use the “call-a-friend” strategy if needed. Ready……..set………..GO! Pg. 284

38. Section 4: Life During the Civil War
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What was life like for civilians during the Civil War?

39. Section 4: Life During the Civil War
What words do I need to know?
hardships
shortages
volunteers

40. Women in the Civil War
Food, items for clothes, and basic items were in short supply, especially in the South
Staples like flour, coffee, and sugar were very expensive or hard to acquire
Women tried to keep their families fed and sheltered despite the difficulties
Many fought disguised as men; others served as spies; many worked in factories
Female nurses were much valued
TURN TO PAGE 286 AND READ
THE BOTTOM PARAGRAPH

41. Women of Note
Phoebe Pember of Savannah helped administer a division in a major Richmond hospital
Captain Sally Tompkins ran a Southern military hospital
Clara Barton, a Union nurse supervisor, later founded the American Red Cross
Mary Boykin Chesnut of South Carolina left a prized written record of the wartime life

42. Answer the questions using your book, notes, concept map and personal knowledge. Use the “call-a-friend” strategy if needed. Pg. 288

43. Children During the War
Most did chores at home to help their families or contribute to the war effort
Children in the South had basically no public schools (due to school supplies were needed for the war effort and school buildings were used for soldiers); wealthy families could continue with private tutoring
Boys as young as 10 served in both armies; thousands of soldiers were between 14- and 16-years-old
Page Twelve-year-old drummer boy
William Black is considered to be the youngest
wounded soldier in the Civil War.

44. The Aftermath
620,000 people died during the war; about two-thirds died from diseases, wounds, or military prison hardships
Healing of emotional wounds took far longer than the war itself
The North or the South would never be the same again
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45. Pg. 289

46. Chapter Summary continued…. Pg. 289

47. Next….
RECONSTRUCTION
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