1. Eubacteria and archaebacteria differ in
the presence of a nucleus.
the makeup of their cell walls.
size.
the presence of a cell wall. 1 2 3 4 5

2. Unlike eubacteria, archaebacteria
have cell walls.
are prokaryotes.
have two cell membranes.
are thought to be the ancestors of eukaryotes. 1 2 3 4 5

3. Which of the following is NOT a way in which archaebacteria and eubacteria differ?
Archaebacteria lack an important carbohydrate found in the cell walls of eubacteria.
The two groups have very different membrane lipids.
Archaebacteria have gene sequences that are similar to those of eukaryotes.
Archaebacteria follow the lytic cycle, while eubacteria follow the lysogenic cycle. 1 2 3 4 5

4. Which of the following are members of the kingdom Archaebacteria?
methanogens
eubacteria
eukaryotes
E. coli 1 2 3 4 5

5. Figure 19–1

6. The structure in Figure 19–1 represents a(an)
virus.
archaebacterium.
methanogen.
eubacterium. 1 2 3 4 5

7. Which structure or structures shown in Figure 19–1 have key differences in eubacteria and archaebacteria?
A, B, C
A, B, E
D only
A only 1 2 3 4 5

8. Figure 19–2 shows how prokaryotes can be identified by
the composition of their cell walls.
their reaction to the Gram stain.
their cell shapes.
their methods for obtaining energy. 1 2 3 4 5

9. Which cell shape in Figure 19–2 is called a coccus?B C
none of the above 1 2 3 4 5

10. When treated with Gram stain, Gram-positive eubacteria appear
violet.
pink.
yellow.
orange. 1 2 3 4 5

11. Bacilli, cocci, and spirilla are
Gram stains.
shapes of prokaryotes.
methods of prokaryotic movement.
ways that prokaryotes obtain energy. 1 2 3 4 5

12. Which of the following is(are) used to identify prokaryotes?
cell shape
the way prokaryotes move
the way prokaryotes obtain energy
all of the above 1 2 3 4 5

13. Where are you likely to find a photoautotroph?
in your refrigerator
in the darkness of the ocean
in your digestive system
near the surfaces of lakes, streams, and oceans 1 2 3 4 5

14. Unlike photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs obtain energy
directly from the sun.
directly from inorganic molecules.
indirectly from organic molecules.
indirectly from other organisms. 1 2 3 4 5

15. Most prokaryotes are heterotrophs. photoautotrophs. chemoautotrophs.
photoheterotrophs. 1 2 3 4 5

16. A method called Gram staining is used to tell
what shape a prokaryote has.
how a prokaryote obtains energy.
what kind of cell wall a prokaryote has.
whether a prokaryote has flagella. 1 2 3 4 5

17. Which of the following describes a role of bacteria in the environment?
carrying out photosynthesis
recycling nutrients
fixing nitrogen
all of the above 1 2 3 4 5

18. Bacteria are sometimes called nature’s recyclers because they
undergo conjugation.
break down nutrients in dead matter.
can switch between respiration and fermentation.
carry out photosynthesis. 1 2 3 4 5

19. Bacteria that break down the nutrients in dead matter into simpler substances that are taken up by plant roots are called
endospores.
flagella.
photoautotrophs.
decomposers. 1 2 3 4 5

20. Nitrogen fixation involves each of the following EXCEPT
soybeans.
Rhizobium.
fertilizer.
nodules on roots. 1 2 3 4 5

21. Which of the following is produced when bacteria break down complex compounds in sewage?
carbon dioxide gas
purified water
nitrogen
all of the above 1 2 3 4 5

22. Humans use bacteria to clean up small oil spills.
mine minerals from the ground.
synthesize drugs.
all of the above 1 2 3 4 5

23. Bacteria living in extreme environments may be a good source of
antibiotics.
heat-stable enzymes.
nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Gram stains. 1 2 3 4 5

24. The outer protein coat of a virus is called a
DNA core.
capsid.
bacteriophage.
tail sheath. 1 2 3 4 5

25. All viruses are made of proteins and
nucleic acids.
prophages.
bacteriophages.
endospores. 1 2 3 4 5

26. A viral capsid functions to
bind the virus to the surface of a host cell.
transcribe viral genes.
force a host cell to make copies of the virus.
destroy a host cell. 1 2 3 4 5

27. The instructions for making new copies of a virus are
a part of a virus’s capsid.
coded in surface proteins attached to the protein coat.
coded in either RNA or DNA.
found only in bacteriophages. 1 2 3 4 5

28. What is the basic structure of a virus?
DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
a capsid surrounded by a protein coat
a tail sheath surrounded by tail fibers
a tiny cell surrounded by a cell wall 1 2 3 4 5

29. Viruses are all about the same size.
vary greatly in size and structure.
rarely contain DNA or RNA.
can be seen with a basic compound light microscope. 1 2 3 4 5

30. A lytic infection concludes with the
embedding of viral DNA into the host cell’s DNA.
production of a prophage.
bursting of the host cell.
production of messenger RNA. 1 2 3 4 5

31. A prophage is made of bacteriophages. carbohydrates. capsid proteins.
viral DNA. 1 2 3 4 5

32. Bacteriophages infect
other viruses.
bacteria only.
any available host cell.
cells undergoing the lytic cycle. 1 2 3 4 5

33. Unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses do NOT
inject their genetic material into the host cell.
enter the lytic cycle.
lyse the host cell right away.
infect host cells. 1 2 3 4 5

34. During a lytic infection, the host cell is
destroyed.
prepared for the lysogenic cycle.
copied many times over.
all of the above 1 2 3 4 5

35. Which of the following is a way that bacteria cause disease?
by capsids
by nitrogen fixation
by conjugation
by releasing toxins 1 2 3 4 5

36. Bacteria that cause disease are called
viruses.
pathogens.
endospores.
antibiotics. 1 2 3 4 5

37. A bacterial infection results when bacteria
break down the body’s tissues.
lyse following the lytic cycle.
live as obligate aerobes in the absence of oxygen.
undergo conjugation inside the body. 1 2 3 4 5

38. Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a bacterium?
tooth decay
tuberculosis
AIDS
Lyme disease 1 2 3 4 5

39. Food stored in a refrigerator will keep longer because the bacteria that spoil food
die at low temperatures.
take longer to multiply at low temperatures.
require light to live.
grow more slowly in the dark. 1 2 3 4 5

40. Which of the following is a characteristic of bacteria that is key to keeping them under control?
Most bacteria cannot survive high temperatures for long periods.
Most bacteria are resistant to harmful chemicals.
Most bacteria form endospores when subjected to harsh conditions.
Most bacteria do not cause food to spoil. 1 2 3 4 5

41. Which of the following will NOT kill bacteria?
refrigeration
boiling
chemical disinfection
frying 1 2 3 4 5

42. Which of the following is a proper use of disinfectants?
as an antibiotic
to start conjugation
to sterilize a hospital
to preserve foods 1 2 3 4 5

43. Which of the following is NOT a viral disease?
botulism
AIDS
measles
polio 1 2 3 4 5

44. Viral diseases can be
treated with antibiotics and prevented with vaccines.
treated with vaccines and prevented with antibiotics.
prevented with antibiotics but not treated with vaccines.
prevented with vaccines but not treated with antibiotics. 1 2 3 4 5

45. Plant viruses have a difficult time entering the cells they infect partly because
plant viruses are weaker than animal viruses.
plant cells have tough cell walls.
many plant viruses are spread by insects.
plant viruses do not have a protein coat. 1 2 3 4 5

46. Viruses cause disease by
producing toxins that harm the body.
reproducing independently inside the body.
forming endospores in the body.
disrupting the body’s normal equilibrium. 1 2 3 4 5

47. Scientists reason that archaebacteria may be the ancestors of eukaryotes. If this is true, then archaebacteria and eukaryotes share a common ancestor that is more recent than the common ancestor of archaebacteria and eubacteria. _________________________
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

48. Many archaebacteria live in extreme environments, such as in Utah’s Great Salt Lake. _________________________
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

49. Figure 19–2 shows the three shapes of viruses
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

50. The spiral-shaped organism labeled B in Figure 19–2 is an example of a spirillum. _________________________
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

51. The Gram-staining method applies only to archaebacteria
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

52. Plants and animals benefit from nitrogen-fixing bacteria
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

53. Bacteria can be used to synthesize drugs through genetic-engineering techniques. _________________________
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

54. Bacteria are used in the production of a variety of foods and beverages. _________________________
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

55. T4 is the name of a bacteriophage. _________________________
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

56. The structure labeled D in Figure 19–3 is called a tail fiber
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

57. Another name for the structure labeled A in Figure 19–3 is head
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

58. The structure labeled A in Figure 19–3 helps attach this virus to a host cell during a lytic infection. _________________________
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

59. Bacteria can cause disease by releasing toxins into the body
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

60. A disinfectant is a chemical solution that kills bacteria
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

61. An antibiotic is a preparation of weakened or killed virus or viral proteins. _________________________
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

62. Participant Scores Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5

63. Based on DNA sequences of key archaebacterial genes, archaebacteria and ____________________ seem to share a more recent common ancestor than do archaebacteria and ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5
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64. Some bacteria carry out photosynthesis in a manner similar to that of plants and are called ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5
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65. Figure 19–1

66. According to Figure 19–1, the structure labeled ____________________ determines whether a eubacterium is Gram positive or Gram negative. 1 2 3 4 5
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67. Figure 19–2

68. The organism labeled A in Figure 19–2 is an example of a(an) ____________________.3 4 5
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69. The process of converting nitrogen to a form plants can use is called _________________________.1 2 3 4 5
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70. In human intestines, bacteria help the body make ____________________.1 2 3 4 5
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71. The knoblike root nodules of soybean plants are the sites of ____________________.1 2 3 4 5
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72. Figure 19–3

73. In Figure 19–3, the structure labeled D is a(an) ____________________.2 3 4 5
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74. The structure labeled B in Figure 19–3 is the ____________________.2 3 4 5
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75. In a lysogenic infection, the viral DNA that is embedded in a host cell’s DNA is called a(an) ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5
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76. The pathogenic bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi causes ____________________.1 2 3 4 5
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77. Destroying bacteria by subjecting them to great heat or to chemical action is called ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5
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78. A chemical solution that is used in hospitals to kill bacteria is called a(an) ____________________.1 2 3 4 5
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79. Scrapie, an infectious disease in sheep, is caused by a(an) ____________________.1 2 3 4 5
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80. Certain viruses called ____________________ viruses cause cancer in animals.1 2 3 4 5
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81. Figure 19–1

82. Identify structures A through F in Figure 19–1.2 3 4 5
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83. Name the two kingdoms of bacteria
Name the two kingdoms of bacteria. List one way that these two groups differ from each other. 1 2 3 4 5
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84. List four factors that are used to identify prokaryotes.1 2 3 4 5
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85. Describe two roles that bacteria have in the environment.1 2 3 4 5
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86. What would happen to other organisms if bacteria did not recycle nutrients?1 2 3 4 5
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87. A container of yogurt from your local supermarket has the following information on its package: “Contains active cultures of Lactobacillus bulgaricus.” What does this information mean? 1 2 3 4 5
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88. Describe three ways in which humans use bacteria.1 2 3 4 5
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89. What are three foods that have been made using bacteria?1 2 3 4 5
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90. What is a virus? Describe the basic structure of a virus1 2 3 4 5
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91. List two ways in which bacteria cause disease.1 2 3 4 5
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92. What is a pathogen? 1 2 3 4 5
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93. How does the use of an antibiotic differ from the use of a disinfectant?1 2 3 4 5
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94. Following a flood, people are often advised to boil their drinking water. Explain why this is necessary. 1 2 3 4 5
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95. Describe two methods of killing bacteria.1 2 3 4 5
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96. Describe three ways in which bacteria can be controlled.1 2 3 4 5
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97. Explain how the two groups of prokaryotes differ
Explain how the two groups of prokaryotes differ. How are these two groups classified? 1 2 3 4 5
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98. Compare and contrast the following kinds of bacteria: photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs, photoheterotrophs. Which method of obtaining energy is most like the way humans obtain energy? 1 2 3 4 5
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99. What is Gram staining? Describe how the results of Gram staining can help identify eubacteria1 2 3 4 5
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100. A student heated 400 mL of milk to 81°C for 15 minutes
A student heated 400 mL of milk to 81°C for 15 minutes. Then, he added a teaspoon of yogurt to the milk and incubated the mixture at 39°C for 24 hours. At the end of 24 hours, the milk had become thicker in consistency, and its pH had decreased. What do you think happened to the milk? Why was the milk heated before the yogurt was added? 1 2 3 4 5
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101. Compare and contrast a virus with a cell.1 2 3 4 5
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102. How do viruses cause infection?1 2 3 4 5
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103. Contrast a bacterial infection with a viral infection.1 2 3 4 5
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104. Explain how bacteria cause disease. Give an example of each method.1 2 3 4 5
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105. Design an experiment that would test the effectiveness of a disinfectant on bacteria.1 2 3 4 5
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106. Shingles and chickenpox are both viral diseases caused by the varicella-zoster herpes virus. Shingles usually occurs years after a person has had the chickenpox. Based on this information, what kind of infection cycle do you think the varicella-zoster virus has? Link the infection cycle to the appearance of shingles years after initial infection with the virus 1 2 3 4 5
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