1. Prefixes
and
Suffixes

2. A prefix is a word part added to the beginning of a root word.

3. A prefix changes the meaning of a word.

4. Prefixes
Meaning
examples
1. Anti
2. Auto
3. Bi
4. Ex
5. Ex
6. Micro
7. Mis
8. Mono
Against
Of or by oneself
Two, twice
Former
Out of
Small
Badly/wrongly
One/single
Anti-war, antisocial, antibiotic
Autograph, auto-pilot, autobiography
Bicycle, bi-monthly, biannual, bilingual
Ex-wife, ex-student, ex-president
Extract, exhale, excommunicate
Micro-computer, microwave, microscopic
Misunderstand, mistranslate, misinform
Monotonous, monologue, monogamous

5. 9. Multi
10. Over
11. Post
12. Pro
13.Pseudo
14. Re
15. Semi
16. Sub
17. under
Many
Too much
After
In favour of
False
Again or back
Half
Under
Not enough
9. Multi-national, multi-purpose, multi-racial
10. Overdo, overtired, oversleep, overeat
11. Postwar, postgraduate, post-revolutionary
12. Pro-government, pro-revolutionary
13. Pseudo-scientific, pseudo-intellectual
14. Retype, reread, replace, rewind
15. Semicircular, semi-final, semi-detached
16. Subway, submarine, subdivision
17. Under-worked, underused, undercooked

6. COMMON PREFIXES 1. ante- 2. anti- 3. auto- 4. bene- 5. circum-
6. contra-
7. de-
8. dis-
9. dys-
10. ecto-
1. before
2. against
3. self
4. good
5. around
6. against
7.reverse,remove
8. apart
9. bad
10. outside
1. antebellum
2. antifreeze
3. automatic
4. benefit
5. circumscribe
6. contradict
7. defoliate
8. dislocate
9. dysfunctional
10. ectoparasite
1. before the war
2. liquid used to guard against freezing
3. self-acting or self- regulating
4. an act of kindness; a gift
5. to draw a line around; to encircle
6. to speak against
7. remove the leaves from a tree
8. to unlodge
9. not functioning
10. parasite living on the exterior of animals

7. 11.endo-
12.ex-
13.equi-
14.extra-
15. hyper-
16. hypo-
17. in-
18. inter-
19. intra-
20. intro-
11.within
12. out
13. equal
14.beyond
15. over
16. under
17. in
18.between
19. within
20. in, into
11. endogamy
12. excavate
13. equidistant
14.extraterrestrial
15. hypertension
16. hypotension
17. interim
18. intervene
19. intramural
20. introspect
11. marriage within the tribe
12. to dig out
13. equal distance
14. beyond the earth
15. high blood pressure
16. low blood pressure
17. in between
18. come between
19. within bounds of a school
20. to look within, as one's own mind t

8. Prefixes that mean "no": a- de- dis-, in- non- un-, contra
a-, an-
de-
dis-, dif-, di-
in-, il-, ir-, im-
non-
un-
contra-, counter-
Meaning
without, not
reverse action, away
not, apart
not
against
Examples
asexual, atypical, amoral, anarchy
defrost, demystify, desensitize, deduct
dissatisfied, disorganized
inappropriate, invisible, illegal, impossible
nonproductive, nonessential, nonsense
unlikely, unnoticeable, unreliable
contrary, contradict, counterproductive

9. PREFIXES THAT INDICATE "WHEN," "WHERE,"
1. pre-, pro-
2. post-
3. ante-
4. inter-
5. intra-
6. trans-
7. sub-
Meaning
1. before
2. after
3. before
4. between, among
5. within
6. across
7. under
Examples
1.Predinner,  preliminary, 
previous,  prologue
2. postmeridian, postwar,  postoperative,  postpone
3. antemeridian, antecedent,  antechamber
4.interstate,  intercept,  interfere
5.intramural,  intrastate,  intravenous
6.transcontinental,  transparent,  transaction
7.submarine,  submerge,  subjugate

10. Example: He’s very honest man. I don’t agree. I think he’s dishonest.
Exercises 1. Practice using words with negative prefixes. Contradict the following statements in the same way as the example. Not all the words you need are on the above
Example: He’s very honest man. I don’t agree. I think he’s dishonest.
1. I’m sure she’s discreet.
2. I always find him very sensitive.
3. It’s a convincing argument.
4. That’s a very relevant point.
5. She’s always obedient.

11. 6. He’s very efficient.
7. I always find her responsible.
8. He seems grateful for our help.
9. I’m sure she’s loyal to the firm.
10. He’s a tolerant person.

12. 2. Which negative adjective fits each of the following definition?
1. ……………………………means not having a husband or wife.
2. …………………………..means impossible to eat.
3. …………………………..means unable to read or write.
4. …………………………..means not having a job.
5. …………………………..means not fair in giving judgement, not favoring one side
6. …………………………..means unable to be replaced

13. A suffix is a word part added to the end of a root word.
What is a SUFFIXE?
A suffix is a word part added to the end of a root word.

14. A suffix also changes the meaning of a word.

15. Common Noun Suffixes
‘-er’ is used for the person who does an active, e.g. writer, worker, shopper, teacher. You can use ‘-er’ with a wide range of verbs to make them into “nouns”.
Sometimes, the / er / suffix is written as ‘-or’ instead of ‘-er’ . It is worth making a special list of these as you meet them, e.g. actor, operator, sailor, supervisor.

16. ‘-er’ / ‘-or’ are also used for things which do a particular job, e. g
‘-er’ / ‘-or’ are also used for things which do a particular job, e.g. pencil-sharpener, bottle-opener, grater, projector.
-er’ and ‘-ee’ can contrast with each other meaning ‘person who does something.
‘-er’ and ‘ person who receives or experiences the action’ (-ee), e.g. employer/employee,
Sender/addressee, payee (e.g. of a cheque).
‘-(t)ion / l ( )n / is used to make nouns from verbs.
Complication, pollution, reduction, alteration, donation, admission

17. ‘-st’ [person] and ‘-ism’ [activity or ideology]: used for people’s politics, beliefs and ideologies, and sometimes the profession (compare with ‘-er/-or’ Profession above)
e.g. Marxism, Buddhism, journalism, anarchist, physicist, terrorist.
‘-ist’ is also often used for people who play musician instruments, e.g. pianist, violinist, cellist.
‘-ness’ is used to make nouns from adjectives. Note what happens to adjectives that end in ‘-y’:
e.g. Goodness, readiness, forgetfulness, sadness, weakness.

18. B. Adjective Suffix ‘able/-ible’ with verbs, means ‘can be done’.
e.g drinkable, washable, readable, recognizable, countable, forgivable
- edible (can be eaten), flexible (can be bent)

19. C. Verbs
‘-ise’ (or –ize) makes from adjectives, e.g. modernize, commercialize, industrialize.
‘en’ makes from adjectives
e.g; widen, darken, whiten, etc.

20. D. Other suffixes that can help you recognize the word class
-ment : (nouns) excitement, enjoyment, replacement
-ity : (nouns) flexibility, productivity, scarcity
-hood : ( abstract nouns especially family terms) childhood,
motherhood
-ship : (abstract nouns especially status ) friendship,
partnership, membership
-ive : ( adjectives) passive, productive, active
-al : (adjectives) brutal, legal, (nouns) refusal, arrival
-ous : (adjectives) delicious, outrageous, furious
-ful : (adjectives) forgetful, hopeful, useful
-less : ( adjectives) useless, harmless, cloudless
-ify : (verbs) beautify, purify, terrify

21. Exercises 1. The ‘-er’ or ‘-or and ‘-ist suffixes
Exercises 1. The ‘-er’ or ‘-or and ‘-ist suffixes. Use the suffixes to give the names of the following.
Example: A person who plays jazz on the piano. A jazz pianist. 1. The thing that wipes rain of your car windscreen 2. A person who plays classical violin. 3. A person who takes professional photographs. (N.B. pronunciation) 4. A person who acts in amateur theatre. 5. The person to whom a cheque is made out. 6. A machine for washing dishes. 7. A person who donates their kidneys upon their death. 8. The person to whom a letter is addressed

22. Do these words mean a thing, a person, or both?
1. a cooker
2. a typewriter
3. a ticket-holder
4. a record player
5. a cleaner
6. a smoker
7. a drinker