1. Napoleon Bonaparte
Hero or Tyrant?

2. Napoleon - Who Is He?
1804 Declared himself Emperor of France
Brilliant embodiment of French Revolution ideals of egalitarianism and meritocracy
The creator of modern warfare
At height of his power he ruled 70 million people

3. Napoleon Bonaparte
or1815

4. Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte dominated European history from 1799 to 1815.
He preserved what was beneficial in the revolutionary program.
Napoleon was born in 1769 on the Mediterranean island of Corsica.
He went to a military school in France on a royal scholarship.
In 1785, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the French army.

5. Napoleon Bonaparte
The French Revolution and the European wars that followed it gave him the chance to use his knowledge.
By the age of only 24, Napoleon was made a brigadier general by the Committee of Public Safety.

6. Napoleon Bonaparte- A Brilliant Military Commander

7. Napoleon Bonaparte
The Italian Campaigns. He conquered most of Italy for France.
He captured 540 cannon and 170 standards
In northern Italy, he moved to suppress religious orders, end serfdom, and limit age-old noble privilege.
He took Venice- ending 1,100 years of independence

8. He was a brilliant strategist. He used deception on the field and off
Napoleon Bonaparte
He was a brilliant strategist.
He used deception on the field and off
During the Italy campaigns of 1797 he created 2 newspapers: 1 for the troops and 1 for France.
When he returns to France he is a hero

9. 1798 the Directory rules France. Napoleon helps them stay in power....
Napoleon Bonaparte
1798 the Directory rules France. Napoleon helps them stay in power....
He wants to destroy England (of course!) but knows the French navy is not equipped to defeat the strongest naval force on earth.
So Napoleon turns to Egypt where he hopes to cut off the trade route between India and England. (India, a British colony, provides immense wealth to England...remember the British East India Tea Company; the world’s largest corporation...with its own army)

10. 1798- Napoleon in Egypt Napoleon Bonaparte
He took along 167 scientists, mathematicians, chemists, etc.
Their discoveries included the Rosetta Stone

11. What made Napoleon’s army so terrifying anyway?
Napoleon Bonaparte
What made Napoleon’s army so terrifying anyway?
Speed and Surprise
Very mobile army - marched 500 miles in 5 weeks to capture Vienna, Austria
It was said, the emperor Napoleon won his battles with legs rather than arms. He could calculate the marching speed and distance so exactly that he knew with certainity when his support troops would arrive

12. What made Napoleon’s army so terrifying anyway?
Napoleon Bonaparte
What made Napoleon’s army so terrifying anyway?
Napoleon was brilliant at divide and conquer
He could “see the field” and knew exactly where the enemy would march - he often set successful traps and he often deceived the enemy as to his intent or the size of his troops

13. What made Napoleon’s army so terrifying anyway?
Napoleon Bonaparte
What made Napoleon’s army so terrifying anyway?
French Cannon could shoot an 8 pound projectile (other armies used a 6 pounder) and it was very mobile

14. But the PRIMARY WEAPON of the French forces was Napoleon’s mind
Napoleon Bonaparte
What made Napoleon’s army so terrifying anyway?
But the PRIMARY WEAPON of the French forces was Napoleon’s mind
Napoleon was a brilliant tactician. Duke of Wellington said,
“Napoleon’s hat on the battlefield is worth 50,000 men”

15. What made Napoleon’s army so terrifying anyway?
Napoleon Bonaparte
What made Napoleon’s army so terrifying anyway?
This could be your next evil headquarters...
This is a 30-foot-tall Martello Tower in Suffolk, England. It has one door, 13-foot-thick walls, and was built to keep Napoleon out of England

16. Napoleon Bonaparte

17. Coalition Allies against France/Napoleon:
Napoleon Bonaparte
MEANWHILE......
Back in France, the French Republican army is not doing to well fighting the Second Coalition.
Over time there are 6+ different coalition forces against France and Napoleon.
Coalition Allies against France/Napoleon:
England, Prussia, Austria, Russia, Spain (and just about everyone else)

18. The Directory is overthrown in a coup d’etat
Napoleon Bonaparte
The Consulate
The Directory is overthrown in a coup d’etat
The Consulate (3 men- 1 of which is Napoleon) will rule until 1804

19. 1801-1802 Temporary Peace in Europe
Napoleon Bonaparte
Temporary Peace in Europe
France isn’t yet ready to invade England
A temporary peace is signed
Napoleon under the Consulate issues significant reforms

20. Reforms Under Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte
Reforms Under Napoleon
1. Civil code of law- Napoleonic Code of Law was clearly written and accessible
Its purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution.
Create one law code for France.

21. Reforms Under Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte
Reforms Under Napoleon
Napoleonic Code of Law
1. All people equal in the eyes of the law: no special privileges for clergy, nobles, etc
2. Feudal rights are ended
3. Trail by jury guaranteed
4. Religious freedom guaranteed
5. Wives could own her own property (with her husband’s permission in writing)
Did Napoleon preserve the ideals of the French Revolution, as he claimed, in his domestic policies?

22. Reforms Under Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte
Reforms Under Napoleon
Influence of the Napoleonic Code of Law
Wherever it was implemented (in the conquered territories), the Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations.

23. Reforms Under Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte
Reforms Under Napoleon
2. Centralized administration
Napoleon developed a powerful, centralized administrative machine with promotion based on ability.
Opening government careers to individuals based on their ability was one change the middle class wanted.
Napoleon created a new aristocracy based on merit in the state service.
He created 3,263 nobles between 1808 and More than half were military officers and from the middle class.

24. Reforms Under Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte
Reforms Under Napoleon
3. Centralized bank and currency

25. Reforms Under Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte
Reforms Under Napoleon
4. Concordat of 1801 with Catholic Church
Catholicism was declared the religion of the majority of France
Papal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution
Catholic bishops are subservient to the regime

26. Reforms Under Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte
Reforms Under Napoleon
5. Legion of Honor- highest award possible in France
Palace of the Legion of Honor, Paris

27. Reforms Under Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte
Reforms Under Napoleon
6. Higher Education
Public education does not suit women,
as they are not called upon to live in public…
marriage is their whole estimation
In France, women are considered too highly. They should not be regarded as equal to men,
In reality they are nothing more than machines for producing
children

28. Reforms Under Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte
Reforms Under Napoleon
Higher Education
Lycee Education System of France
Established by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational reform.
Lycées initially enrolled the nation’s most talented students [they had to pay tuition, although there was some financial help available for poorer student].
Lycées trained the nation’s future bureaucrats.

29. Touissant L’Ouverture
Napoleon Bonaparte
These revolutionary ideals that Napoleon established will influence other nations and other people
Touissant L’Ouverture

30. 1804 Napoleon declares himself Emperor
Napoleon Bonaparte
1804 Napoleon declares himself Emperor

31. Napoleon is still a military man and he wants to increase his empire
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon is still a military man and he wants to increase his empire
What makes his army so different?
How do the Napoleonic Wars become the beginning of modern warfare?

32. It a different world by the 1800s.
Napoleon Bonaparte
It a different world by the 1800s.
The coalition forces fought in the old European manner- one filled with established social classes, centuries of military habits, and one where noble blood meant you led men.
The French army fought in the manner of the French Revolution- a more egalitarian, patriotic citizentry where officers rose in rank, no matter their birth, but according to ability

33. Napoleon Bonaparte

34. Napoleon destroyed the Third Coalition in this battle
Napoleon Bonaparte
Battle of Austerlitz 1805
Considered Napoleon’s most brilliant battle
Considered one of history’s most brilliant battles
Napoleon destroyed the Third Coalition in this battle

35. Battle of Austerlitz 1805 Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon willingly gave up the high defense ground knowing how poorly organized the Allied forces were.
The Allied or Coalition forces were led by the Russian Czar Alexander- Russia was still using the old Julian calendar rather than the European Gregorian calendar. That meant they were 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar. Incredibly, no one in the coalition forces saw this mistake.
During the battle the Austrian general Mac was awaiting support from the Russian troops - surely they were near?
No - they were 200 miles away.

36. Napoleon ruled the mainland of Europe now!
Napoleon Bonaparte
Battle of Austerlitz 1805
Napoleon held some troops behind the hill- knowing the Austrians would take the bait and come forward into his hinged trap
They did
Coalition
French
men dead
1305
15,000
men captured
573
12,000
standards lost 1 50
Napoleon ruled the mainland of Europe now!

37. The Battle of Trafalgar 1805
Napoleon Bonaparte
The Battle of Trafalgar 1805
The British Navy destroys Napoleon’s navy
The British hero Horatio Nelson achieves lasting fame

38. Napoleon wants to defeat the British.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon wants to defeat the British.
He uses the Continental System - a circling of Europe in order to prevent England from trading with the continent. With this plan, Napoleon hopes to break the financial back of the British Empire.
It failed.
Everyone still traded with England

39. Napoleon turns to Russia
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon turns to Russia

40. Napoleon Bonaparte

41. Napoleon meets his end at Waterloo
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon meets his end at Waterloo vs
Duke of Wellington
Napoleon

42. So what defeats Napoleon in the end?
Napoleon Bonaparte
So what defeats Napoleon in the end?
1. Continental System did not work - he could not defeat the British
2. The Russian campaign seriously weakened his forces.
3. The very item he spread - nationalism or pride in one’s nation - would become the source of revolt against his rule