1. RED ALERT! The Circulatory System and the Blood

2. Blood
Blood is a heterogeneous mixture. It is a COLLOID, and has four main components
Red corpuscles (red
blood cells)
White corpuscles (white blood cells)
Plasma (fluid)
Platelets

3. Red Blood Cells
Carry Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide with the help of Hemoglobin
They are produced in the bone marrow
They live only 3-4 months and have no nucleus

4. Blood Types
Red blood cells will have proteins which stick out. They are called Antigens
The opposite of antigens are Antibodies
If an antigen meets it’s antibody, they clump and form clots, which are BAD!!

5. Antigen on red blood cell
ABO Blood Types
Blood Type
Antigen on red blood cell
Antibody in Plasma A
Anti-B B
Anti-A AB
A & B
None O
Anti-A & Anti-B

6. Rh antigen: Rhesus System
Blood, of all types, can also have an Rh antigen on them and there is an antibody for it.
If a person has this antigen, they will have a + next to their blood type (ex: A+ means they have the A and Rh antigen)
If a person does not have this antigen, they will have a – next to their blood type (ex: A- means they only have the A antigen)

7. Donors & Recipients
When you are looking at donors and recipients, you must make sure the antibodies of the recipient do not attack the antigens of the donor
ONLY LOOK AT ANTIBODIES OF RECIPIENT AND ANTIGENS OF DONOR!!!
The antibodies of the donor are not recognized by the recipients body and are destroyed
O- is the universal donor and AB+ is the universal recipient for blood transfusions.

8. Rh-  Rh+

9. Plasma
It carries Nutrients and Hormones (chemical messages) to the cells
It carries Urea and Carbon dioxide away from the cells.
Plasma suspends red and white blood cells so they can flow through the body. It also has:
- clotting factor
- antibodies and
- carries off solid waste.

10. Platelets White blood cells Smaller than red blood cells
Responsible for clotting
Link together to form scabs when in contact with air.
White blood cells
They are the main defense against disease.
No hemoglobin
Can pass through capillary walls.

11. White blood cells White blood cells kill bacteria and viruses through:
Phagocytosis – eating them with help from antibodies
2) Antibodies – Latch onto bacteria/viruses

12. Pathogens Pathogens are viruses and bacteria. Virus Bacteria
Smallest pathogen
Invade cells
Few drugs to fight them
To kill the virus, you must kill the cell
Single cell organisms
Reproduce quickly
Produce toxins which destroy cells
Can be killed with antibiotics

13. The Circulatory System
The Circulatory System is the major transportation system in the body.
Pulmonary circulation carries blood that contains carbon dioxide TO THE LUNGS, where it gets rid of the waste and is resupplied with oxygen
Systemic circulation carries the oxygenated blood to cells in the body and supplies them with nutrients as well.

14. Purpose It serves to: 1)transport food and oxygen to the body,
2) Pick up waste produced for removal from the body,
3) Help regulate body temperature.

15. The Heart
This is the motor (pump) that makes the system work.

16. Inside the Heart
The Heart is made up of muscle tissue and has four main chambers
The right atrium
The right ventricle
The left atrium
And the left ventricle
The heart also has valves to prevent backflow of blood

17. The Human Highways Arteries Veins 3) Capillaries.
The “highways” and “roads” of the body are collectively, they are called blood vessels. They are:
Arteries
Veins
3) Capillaries.

18. Arteries Arteries take blood away from the heart.
Arterioles are smaller arteries.
They have thick walls and contain a layer of muscle.
Blood pumped from the heart is under high pressure, so it produces small bulges along the artery.

19. Veins They carry blood to the heart. Venules are smaller veins
They have a thinner muscular layer with lower blood pressure.
Surrounding muscles help blood to flow though veins
They also contain backflow valves.

20. Capillaries
Link Arterioles to Venules
Have thin walls so gas exchange can happen.

21. Blood Circulation
Right Atrium  Right Ventricle  Pulmonary Artery Arterioles Pulmonary capillaries  blood gets oxygenated  Venules Pulmonary Veins  Left Atrium  Left Ventricle
Left ventricle  Aorta  Arterioles  BODY’s capillaries Venules/Veins  Vena Cavae (superior or inferior)  Right atrium

22. The walls of the left ventricle are thicker (more muscular) than those of the right ventricle because the left ventricle has to push blood into the entire body, whereas the right ventricle only has to push blood as far as the lungs.
BLOOD ALWAYS LEAVES THE VENTRICLES, GOES THROUGH THE BODY, AND COMES BACK INTO THE ATRIUMS!!

23. Blood Pressure Blood Pressure has two types, Systolic and Diastolic.
Systolic pressure is measured when pressure exerted by blood on artery walls is at its maximum (when the ventricles in the heart contact)
Diastolic pressure is measured when pressure exerted by blood on artery walls is at its minimum (when ventricles are not contracting)
Blood pressure = systolic pressure (bigger #)
diastolic pressure (smaller #)

24. A REVIEW: Pressure F= Force A= Area
Mathematically, Pressure (symbol: ‘p') is the force per unit area applied on a surface.
p = F A
F= Force
A= Area
The units are N/m2 or Pa or mm of Hg

25. REVIEW: What is pressure?
Pressure is the result of molecules or atoms bouncing off each other and the surfaces that hold the fluid in.
So what happens to pressure if we increase temperature?
Hint:
IT INCREASES!!

26. So….. What happens to pressure if:
You have a lot of force acting on a small area?
High Pressure
Same force but over a larger area?
Lower Pressure
Lower force acting on a huge area?
Very Low Pressure

27. Area Formula
What general shape do you think our blood vessels are?
They are Cylinders!
Arteries have a bigger surface area so that they can withstand high force of heart on blood and pressure will be lower

28. Compressible/Non-compressible Fluids
In general fluids (gases and liquids) fit into two categories.
Compressible: With increased pressure, the volume and temperature will change (decrease).
Non-compressible: With increased pressure the volume and temperature will NOT change (decrease).
Blood is a non-compressible fluid

29. The blood vessel will burst!
Fluids move from high pressure to low pressure area.
What if the fluid can not pass?
The blood vessel will burst!

30. Heart Health
If blood pressure is to high, you have Hypertension, to low, Hypotension.
Hypertension is usually cause by a narrowing of blood vessels due to cholesterol build up.