1. Institutions of Government – the Presidency
AP Government Review
Institutions of Government – the Presidency

2. 22nd Amendment Why was it adopted? What is the term limits?
FDR’s four term stint
What is the term limits?
Two terms, not more than 10 years

3. 25th Amendment What is this amendment also known as?
Presidential disability amendment
What does this establish?
Vice President succeeds the president
Vacancy in VP slot means president can appoint a VP with majority consent of both houses of Congress
President can inform both houses if he will be incapacitated so VP can take over
If President can’t let Congress know, VP and majority of Cabinet can so VP can take over

4. Informal Sources of Presidential Power
To whom does the President make legislative recommendations?
Congress
What does he do as Chief of Party?
Leads his political party
Why is executive privilege important?
To protect his actions from Congressional oversight
How is the President a lobbyist?
He “lobbies” Congress to implement his agenda

5. Constitutional Powers of the Vice President
What is the only job for the VP listed in the Constitution?
President of the Senate
When is the only time the VP can vote in the Senate?
To break a tie

6. Executive Office of the President
List the components of the Executive Office
Office of the President
Office of the Vice President
Office of Management and Budget
Office of Administration
U.S. Trade Representative
Various policy development offices, such as
National Security Council
National Economic Council
Domestic Policy Council
Office of Science, Technology, and Space
Office of Environmental Policy
National Drug Council

7. White House Chief of Staff
What IS the Chief of Staff?
President’s closest advisor
Does this position require Senate confirmation? No
Why is the Chief of Staff often called the “gatekeeper”?
He coordinates the day-to-day schedule of the president.
Who is often considered the strongest man to ever hold this position?
H.R. Halderman – President Nixon’s Chief of Staff

8. National Security Advisor
What does this person do?
Provides daily security briefings to the president along with other key security personnel.
Historically, what promotions do National Security Advisors receive?
Advancement to Secretary of State
Examples:
Kissinger for Nixon
Rice for GW Bush

9. White House Staff What does the White House Staff do?
Make up the personnel that run the White House and advise the president
Do these advisers need Senate approval? No
What are some positions included in the White House Staff?
Chief of Staff
Press Secretary
Councils to the President
Personal aides
Ancillary people such as
White House Cook
Secretaries to the President and the First Lady
How did the President choose these people?
Most worked with him during the election
How does he know it’s okay to talk with them about national matters?
They are also protected by executive privilege

10. White House Press Secretary
What does this person do?
Works out of the office of communications and is the chief White House spokesperson to communicate directly with the media
Does this job need Senate confirmation? No
How does this Press Secretary try to control the flow of information out of the White House?
Tries to set the agenda on a daily basis
Holds daily press briefings

11. Office of Management and Budget
Does the director of the OMB need Senate confirmation?
Yes
What is the main responsibility of the OMB?
Assist the president in overseeing the preparation of the federal budget and supervise its administration after the budget is passed by Congress
List two other jobs of the OMB.
Evaluates the effectiveness of bureaucratic agencies and sets funding priorities
Issues reports and recommends legislation related to budget priorities.

12. Council of Economic Affairs
How many people are on the council and do they need Senate confirmation?
Three, yes
What is the main job of the council?
Advise the president in the preparation of economic reports
Gathers information about economic developments and trends
Recommends national economic policies that promote free enterprise and further national employment
Recommends economic legislation that would achieve the economic goals of the administration

13. President’s Cabinet
How is this group part of the “unwritten Constitution”?
Based on practice, precedent, and tradition even though the Constitution does mention “executive departments”
Who began this tradition, precedent, or practice?
George Washington
Do they need Senate confirmation?
Yes
Who creates new cabinet positions?
President requests, Congress approves

14. Secretaries of State, Defense, & Veterans Affairs
What is the job of the Secretary of State?
Be the diplomatic representative for the president in foreign affairs & assist in formulating foreign policy.
What is the job of the Secretary of Defense?
Oversee the military and assist the president in formulating military policy
Supervises the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Works in the Pentagon
What is the job of the Secretary of Veterans Affairs?
He/she is responsible for all matters related to veterans including benefits

15. Attorney General & Secretary of Homeland Security
What is the job/role of the Attorney General?
Enforces all federal laws
Heads the Department of Justice
Is called the “nation’s lawyer”
Works with the Solicitor General to arguing cases before the Supreme Court
What agencies are included in the Department of Justice?
Civil Rights Division
Drug Enforcement Administration
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives
FBI
U.S. Marshals Service
What is the job of the Secretary of Homeland Security?
Protect the U.S. from attacks
What agencies are included in Homeland Security?
Immigration and Naturalization
Customs and Border Patrol
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
Transportation Security Administration
U.S. Coast Guard

16. Secretaries of Treasury and Housing & Urban Development
What is the main job of the Secretary of Treasury?
Act as the principle economic advisor to the president
What is he/she responsible for?
Formulating and recommending domestic and international financial, economic, and tax policy and overall fiscal policies that have an impact on the economy.
Chairman of the President’s Economic Council
Oversees the U.S. mint
What about the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development?
Advises the president on matters related to housing urban development

17. Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior
What’s the Secretary of Agriculture responsible for?
Matters related to agriculture, farming, food, and rural development
What agencies does the Department of Agriculture include?
U.S. Forest Service
U.S. Food Safety and Inspection Service
What else?
Coordinates the Food Stamp program
Works closely with nation’s farmers
What agencies are included in the Department of Interior?
Bureau of Indian Affairs
U.S. Geological Survey
National Park Service

18. Secretaries of Commerce and Transportation
What’s the Secretary of Commerce mainly responsible for?
Matters related to promoting economic growth, trade and the improvement of business and industry
Gathering economic and demographic data for businesses
What other agencies are a part of the Department of Commerce?
National Weather Service
Bureau of the Census
Patent and Trademark Office
What about the Secretary of Transportation?
He’s responsible for all matters related to transportation and the nation’s infrastructure
What agencies are also part of the Department of Transportation?
Federal Aviation Administration
Federal Highway Administration
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

19. Secretaries of Labor & Energy
What’s the Sec. of Labor do?
He’s responsible for issues related to labor unions and laws involving workplace issues
What other agencies are part of the Department of Labor?
Bureau of Labor Affairs
Employees Compensation Appeals Board
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
What’s the Sec. of Energy do?
He’s responsible for matters related to energy resources including nuclear energy and energy conservation

20. Secretaries of Health & Human Services and Education
What’s the Sec. of H&H Services do?
He’s responsible for all matters related to the health of U.S. citizens
What other agencies are part of H&H Services?
Administration of Aging
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Food and Drug Administration
National Institutes of Health
What about the Sec. of Education?
Deals with matters of national education policy
Oversees No Child Left Behind
Sees that all federal laws and grants dealing with education are implemented.

21. State of the Union Address
Why does the President deliver this message?
Article II, section 3 of the Constitution requires him to do this
How has this been delivered to Congress?
Washington to Taft – written report
Wilson on – speech
Coolidge – since him it’s been nationally broadcast to the American people
What’s this speech do?
Outlines the president’s agenda and motivate the Congress to adopt his proposals
How does the opposition respond?
They are interviewed immediately following the speech – kind of like a rebuttal

22. Bully Pulpit What’s this?
Coined by Teddy Roosevelt to explain how he could use the White House to promote his policies
How do modern presidents use the bully pulpit?
They use the media to communicate with the people
Reagan – began Saturday morning radio broadcasts
Clinton & GW Bush – held town meetings
Others have spoke to special-interest groups that support the policies they support

23. Line Item Veto What is this? When did this go into effect?
Gives the president the authority to selectively veto portions of the 13 appropriations bills that are passed by Congress and make up the federal budget
When did this go into effect?
With the Republican Contract with America and signed into law by Clinton in 1996
Is it still in use?
No, it was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court

24. Executive Order & Executive Agreement
What are Executive Orders?
Have the force of law and do not need congressional approval unless appropriations are needed to carry out the order
Examples:
Truman’s integration of the military
Kennedy’s creation of the Peace Corps
Clinton’s “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” military policy
Executive Agreements are…
Agreements made with foreign countries that DO NOT need Senate approval
Example: - Trade Agreements

25. Executive Privilege Why does the president use this?
A power that allows the president to protect the privacy interests of the executive branch
In what area is it mainly used?
Foreign policy
What did Nixon, Clinton, and GW Bush try to protect?
Nixon – Watergate info
Clinton – Monica Lewinsky affair
GW Bush – firing of U.S. Attorneys

26. Signing Statements When are these used? What do they do?
When he signs a bill into law
What do they do?
Explain his view about the legislation
Why are they controversial?
Critics say they change the intent of the law

27. U.S. v. Nixon Facts: Issue: Decision:
Grand jury investigating Watergate wanted the tapes Nixon kept of all conversations in his office once they learned of them
Nixon refused to turn them over claiming executive privilege
Issue:
Was executive privilege justified?
Decision:
Supreme Court ruled refusal violate separation of powers because executive privilege could be claimed in issues of national security, not general privacy

28. Impeachment of the President
What is impeachment?
Formal charges brought by the House of Representatives stating the President is guilty of a high crime or misdemeanor
Steps:
1. House Judiciary Committee brings articles of impeachment to the full house
2. Whole House votes – majority “yes” means Senate convenes and conducts the trial
3. Chief Justice of the U.S. comes over to preside
Who’s been impeached?
Andrew Johnson
Bill Clinton

29. Impeachment of Bill Clinton
Who was the Special Investigator appointed by the Attorney General?
Kenneth Starr
What were the charges against Clinton?
Perjury and obstruction of justice
What happened?
Senate failed to convict Clinton