1. Biology

2. The Science of Biology
Chapter 1

3. 1-1 What Is Science?
Photo Credit: © Andrew Syred/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.

4. Learning Targets Sections 1-1and 1-2
Explain the goals of science
Explain what a hypothesis is and give examples
List and explain the steps of the scientific method

5. What is Science? Science: A systematic way of learning about the world
The goal of science is to….
Investigate & Understand nature
Explain events in nature
Make predictions based on explanations
The goal of technology is…
to use science to improve our daily lives

6. What is Biology? Bio: Life or living organism Logy: The study of
Break It Down:
Bio: Life or living organism
Logy: The study of
Examples of words with Bio- in them? With –logy in them?

7. Themes of Biology Two Main Themes of Biology:
Shared Properties of Living Things/Life
What we will be learning 1st semester
Biochemistry
Cells
Genetics
Diversity of Living Things/Life

8. Diversity of Life

9. Me, A Scientist?
Science is asking questions about nature and investigating to try to find “answers”
Remember: One of our first goals of science was to try to understand nature
Answers are not always achieved, logical explanations are found
Examples in your life where you may act as a scientist

10. What Is My Job?
Scientists seek proof, or explanations for things occurring in nature
These explanations are often used to build predictions (another goal of science)
What is the method called that scientists use to come up with these reasonable explanations?

11. The Scientific Method
A series of steps scientists use to help solve a problem
Can be used by all people and for all problems
Steps:
Observations
State the problem
Make a testable hypothesis
Experimentation- (Designing & Complete)
Data- Record and Analyze
Form a conclusion
Repeat and publish results

12. Let’s Create a Mnemonic Device
This HAS to be in order:
O________________
S ________________
H________________
E ________________
D________________
C________________
R________________

13. 1. Observations Observe the world around you/sometimes called research
Involves using the 5 senses
Keep an open mind with no conclusions
Information gathered from observations is called evidence

14. Observations, cont’d. TWO TYPES: Quantitative Observation:
Deals with numerical values or a quantity
Example: The dog weighs 55 pounds
Qualitative Observation:
Usually does not involve a numerical value but rather a descriptive statement.
Example: The dog is heavy.

15. 1–1 A)qualitative observations. B)hypothetical observations.
Observations involving numbers are known as
A)qualitative observations.
B)hypothetical observations.
C)quantitative observations.
D)inferred observations.

16. Interpreting Evidence
Inference is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience.
Not necessarily based on fact or experimental data.
Inferences are formed after observations have been made

17. 1–1
A scientist takes paint chips from 10 apartments in a large building. She tests for the presence of lead in the paint and finds it in all 10 samples. She then concludes that lead paint is probably present in all 120 apartments in the building. This conclusion is an example of
A) a scientific fact.
B) a scientific error.
C) proof.
D) a reasonable inference.

18. What type of observations are these?
Statement
Observation
Inference
Object A is round and orange.
Object A is a basketball.
Object C is round, black and white.
Object C is larger than Object B.
Object B is smooth.
Object B is a table-tennis ball.
Each object is used in a different sport. X X X X X X X
What is Object C?
Soccer Ball
What type of observations are these?
Qualitative

19. Let’s practice inferences

20. 2. State the Problem Identify the problem to study
Based on observations, curiosity and past experiences
Ex: Is it living or non-living?

21. 3. Form a testable Hypothesis
Where do hypotheses
come from?
Prior Knowledge
Logical Inferences
Imaginative Guesses

22. Hypotheses, cont’d. Form a Hypothesis:
Attempts to explain the event before facts are gathered and tested
Must be testable!!!
Should contain “If” and “Then”
Ex: If skin cancer is related to ultraviolet light, then people with a high exposure to UV light will have a higher frequency of skin cancer.

23. Try writing your own hypothesis
Use the following problem to come up with a hypothesis and write it down in your notes.
Problem: The leaves on one of your house plants are turning yellow. The plant gets plenty of sunlight and water, but it is located in front of a drafty window where it gets very cold.

24. 4. Experimentation Determine if the hypothesis is correct
Repeat experiments many, many times
Accuracy of results depends on amount of data collected
Only change
one variable at
a time, keep all
others controlled

25. Experimentation, cont’d.
Two parts to an experiment:
Control: the part of the experiment that stays the same
Variable: the part of the experiment that is being tested
Independent Variable/Manipulated Variable
The variable that scientists deliberately change
Graphed on the X-axis
Dependent Variable/Responding Variable
The variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable
Graphed on the Y-axis

26. Redi’s Experiment Uncovered jars Covered jars Maggots appear
OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.
PROCEDURE
Uncovered jars
Covered jars
Controlled Variables:
jars, type of meat,
location, temperature,
time
Several
days pass
Manipulated Variables:
gauze covering that
keeps flies away from
meat
Responding Variable:
whether maggots
appear
Maggots appear
No maggots appear
CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.

27. Apply It! Redi’s Experiment
Observations: Flies land on meant that is left uncovered. After time, maggots appear on the meat.
Hypothesis: Flies produce maggots.
Controlled Variables: jars, types of meat, location, temperature, time
Manipulated Variables: Gauze covering that keeps flies out of jars, away from meat
Responding Variables: Whether maggots appear or not
Conclusion: Maggots only form when flies come in contact with meat. There is no spontaneous generation of maggots.

28. 5. Data- Record and Analyze
Written records of their observation during the experiments (data)
Measurements (numbers, tick marks, etc.)
Observations (statements, notes, etc.)
Graphs, charts are developed to show relationships within the data

29. Bell Ringer 8/22
Without using your notes try to answer the following questions in your science journal.
What is the goal of science?
What is a hypothesis and in what form should it presented?
List the steps of the Scientific Method. (Use your mnuemonic)

30. Graphing Criteria Things to do when graphing: Title
Label X and Y axis with variable label and units
Numbering interval on each axis must be uniform
Points are plotted neatly
“Best Fit” line for linear data, or smooth curves for other data
Must be neat and legible
Use entire sheet of graph paper

31. Types of Graphs Line Graphs: Frequently used in science
X axis always contains the independent or manipulated data
Y axis contains the dependent or responding variable.
Multiple related data sets can be graphed on one graph
Must use a legend or key
Use different colors or line types

33. Types of Graphs, cont’d. Bar Graphs:
Bar graphs are simplified versions of a line graph
Bar graphs are most often used in business and in media (they are easier to read)

34. Cupcakes Eaten per Minute

35. Type of Graphs, cont’d. Pie Charts:
Pie charts are used to show percentages
Remember: Sample / Total X 100 = %

36. Body Fat % in Men 25-40 Yrs. Old

37. Data Analysis Data Table: Title on the table
Identify X and Y variable including units
Data collected in ordered pairs
Neat

38. The Change in Temperature Over Time
Time minutes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Temp. C 20 21 23 27 35 45 61 69 71 73 74

39. Let’s practice graphing

40. 6. Come to a Conclusion
The summary of all the information gathered in an experiment
Restates the hypothesis
Identifies if the hypothesis was accepted or rejected
Will identify at least 3 errors to the experiment

41. 7. Repeat and Publish Investigations
A key assumption in science is that experimental results can be reproduced.
Therefore, scientists test one another’s investigations
Your procedure needs to be able to be reproduced—your conclusion will not be accepted if it cannot be reproduced

42. Fact, Theory, and Law Fact A known truth about something
Ex: It is 85° outside
Theory
The most logical explanation for an event in nature
Based on careful observation and analysis
Must be dependable and reproducible
Ex: The World is Flat
Law
Describes an event
Summarizes repeated observations
Ex: Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion

43. A Scientific View of the World
Scientists assume the universe obeys certain rules and those rules can be discovered and understood
A good scientist should be curious, open minded, honest, and skeptical

44. The Study of Living Things
Characteristics of Life in the Scientific World

45. Learning Targets Section 1-3: Studying Life
List and describe the characteristics of living things
Describe how life can be studied at different levels.
Distinguish between living and non-living things

46. What is Biology? We determined early in Chapter 1 that… BIO means…
LOGY means…
Biology studies the living world
Using the Scientific Method

47. Characteristics of Living Things
Biologists still debate today what it takes to constitute a living thing
MOST agree that there are 8 characteristics that are common to living things

48. 8 Common Characteristics Living Things…
Are made up of CELLS
REPRODUCE
Based on a universal GENETIC CODE
GROW AND DEVELOP
OBTAIN and USE materials and ENERGY
RESPOND to their environment
MAINTAIN stable living ENVIRONMENT
As a group, CHANGE OVER TIME

49. Lets Think of a mneumonic Device
This one does not have to have a specific order!
Be creative!
Use the letters:
C, R, G, G, E, R, M & C

50. Living Things: Made of CELLS
Cell: collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings
Cells are the smallest units of an organism that can be considered alive
Complex and highly organized
Unicellular vs. Multicellular
Human Red Blood Cells

52. Living Things: REPRODUCE
Two Basic Kinds of Reproduction:
Sexual Reproduction
Two cells from different parents produce first cell of new organism
Most multicellular organisms produce this way
Asexual Reproduction
New organism is produced by a single parent
In some cases, a single-celled organism will divide in half to form two new organisms
Other times, a new organism can grow out of (or split off from) the existing organism--Budding

54. Living Things: Based on a GENETIC CODE
Offspring usually resemble their parents
In Asexual Reproduction, offspring and parents have the exact same traits
In Sexual Reproduction, offspring differ from their parents (in limited ways)

55. Living Things: Genetic Code
Directions for inheritance are carried by DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
With minor exceptions, DNA genetic code determines the inherited traits of EVERY organism on Earth!

56. Living Things: Grow and Develop

57. Living Things: GROW AND DEVELOP
Every organism has a distinct life cycle—there is a set pattern of growth and change that occurs
All organisms grow during at least part of their lives (increase in size)
Multicellular organisms’ life cycles involve a process called development—cells increase in number and differentiate
Development is LIMITED OR NON-EXISTENT in unicellular organisms

58. THINK- PAIR- SHARE
THINK- Close your notes and think about the four characteristics of life we just discussed.
PAIR- Turn to your partner and see if you can list them and explain what they mean.
SHARE- You and your partner pair up with another group and share what you know about the four characteristics we just learned.

59. Living Things: OBTAIN AND USE ENERGY
Organisms take in selected materials they need from their surroundings (environment)—BUT the way that they obtain energy varies
Plants from Sunlight, Sheep from Plants, etc.
Decomposers from remains of dead organisms
Metabolism: Combination of chemical reactions through which organisms build up or break down materials required for life processes

60. Living Things: OBTAIN AND USE ENERGY

61. Living Things: RESPOND TO ENVIRONMENT
Necessary because organisms live in constantly changing environments (light, temperature, etc)
Each organism responds to the environment in their own way
Some slow, some fast
EX: New leaves and stems growing from a tree grow towards light

62. Living Things: RESPOND TO ENVIRONMENT

63. Living Things: Maintain Stable Internal Environment
HOMEOSTASIS: Process by which organisms keep their internal environments relatively stable
Ex: Plants can take in and give off water as needed
If homeostasis is disrupted in a major way, the organism cannot survive

64. Living Things: CHANGE OVER TIME
Basic traits of organisms stay the same over their lifetime
Groups of organisms change over time, or EVOLVE
Occurs over hundreds of thousands or even millions of years, not just a few generations
Usually in response to changes in their environments
Organisms naturally make changes over time to increase the species’ chances of survival

65. Living Things: Change Over Time

66. THINK PAIR SHARE
THINK- Close your notes and think about the four characteristics of life we just discussed.
PAIR- Turn to your partner and see if you can list them and explain what they mean.
SHARE- Share with each other why it might be important for us to make a list of qualities that living things must share.

67. Concept Check
Using what you know so far explain in your science journal how the following pictures exhibits all of the characteristics of living things
TURN IN YOUR RESPONSE

68. BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY Biology is often organized into branches
Some divisions are based on the type of organism being studied
Zoologists (study animals)
Botanists (study plants)
Ethologists (study animal behavior)
Some divisions are based on the idea that life can be studied at different levels of organization
-Molecules -Populations
-Cells -Communities
-Groups of Cells -Ecosystems
-Organisms -Biospheres

69. Levels of Organization
Biosphere
The part of Earth
that contains all
ecosystems
Biosphere
Community and
its nonliving
surroundings
Ecosystem
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air
Community
Populations that
live together in a
defined area
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Group of
organisms of one
type that live in
the same area
Population
Go to Section:
Bison herd

70. Bison Organism Groups of Cells Cells Molecules Go to Section:
Individual living
thing
Bison
Groups of
Cells
Tissues, organs,
and organ systems
Nervous tissue
Brain
Nervous system
Cells
Smallest functional
unit of life
Nerve cell
Groups of atoms;
smallest unit of
most chemical
compounds
Molecules
Water
DNA
Go to Section:

71. HOW DOES BIOLOGY AFFECT ME?
More than any other science, Biology helps you understand what affects the quality of your life
What DOES affect the quality of your life?

72. 1-4 Tools and Procedures
Photo Credit: © Andrew Syred/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.

73. Learning Targets Section 1-4: Tools and Procedures
Describe the measurement
system most scientists use,
and be able to make conversions
Understand why it is necessary for scientists to use the same measurement system
Explain how light microscopes and electron microscopes are similar and different

74. Common Measurement System
THE METRIC SYSTEM
The metric system is the most widely used system of measurement in the world
The United States is one of the two countries in the world that does not use the metric system (Burma is the other)
System International is the governing body for the metric system (SI)
The metric system is based on units of 10

75. Why the Same System?
Scientists need a common system of measurement to be able to replicate others’ experiments, so they use the metric system when collecting DATA

76. Temperature-Celsius (°C)
Common Metric Units
Length-meter (m)
Mass- gram (g)
1 meter = 100 centimeters (cm)
1 meter = 1000 millimeters (mm)
1000 meters = 1 kilometer (km)
1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams
1 gram = milligrams (mg)
1000 kilograms (kg) = 1 metric ton (t)
Volume-liter (L)
Temperature-Celsius (°C)
1 liter = 1000 milliliters (mL)
1 liter = 1000 cubic centimeters
(cm3 or cc)
0°C= freezing point of water
100°C = boiling point of water

77. Metric Prefixes Name Meaning Abbr Kilo X 1000 k Hecta (Hecto) X 100 H
Deca
X 10 D
Deci
/ 10 d
Centi
/ 100 c
Milli
/ 1000 m
Tera
X 1012 T
Giga
X 109 G
Pico
X 10-12 p
Micro
X 10-6

78. Metric Line k H D base unit d c m
Kiss Him/Her Dummy But Don’t Catch Mono
Base units:
Meter (m)
Liter (L)
Gram (g)

79. Metric Conversions Metric Line Place finger on starting prefix
Place 2nd finger on ending prefix
Count the lines between fingers
Move the decimal place the # of lines toward the 2nd finger
Add zeros to hold place
k H D base unit d c m

80. Answers:
1 km = 1000 m
12 mm = 1.2 cm
4.2 L = 4200mL
Convert the following:
1 km = ________ m
12 mm = _______ cm
4.2 L = _______ mL

81. Microscopes
Devices that produce magnified images of things too small to see with the unaided eye
Two types
Light microscope
Electron

82. Compound Light Microscopes
Magnify images by focusing visible light rays
Advantage: view living things
Disadvantage: Resolution limit is only 1000X

83. VIDEO CLIP!

84. Electron Microscopes Magnify images by focusing electrons
Advantage: higher resolution limit, about 100,000X normal size
100X higher than a light microscope
Disadvantage: Organisms must be stained and are in a vacuum (cannot view live specimens)

85. Two Types of Electron Microscopes
Scanning electron microscopes (SEM)
Takes a 3-D view of the surface
Transmission electron microscopes (TEM)
Beam of electrons passes through a thin slice
Specimens must stained and sliced

86. MICROSCOPES

87. According to the Video…
On a sheet of paper, give me the two ways that Light Microscopes differ from Electron Microscopes
TURN IT IN!

88. Laboratory Techniques for Studying Cells
Cell Cultures
Grow cells in dish from a single organism
Used to
Test cell responses under controlled conditions
Study interactions between cells
Select specific cells for further study

89. Laboratory Techniques for Studying Cells, cont’d.
Cell Fractionation
Method of separating the pieces of broken cells
Steps
Break cells apart
Add liquid and mix
Centrifuge to separate by mass (spin very fast)

90. Cell Fractionation
Biologists can remove specific parts to be studied by selecting layer.

91. 1–1
Which of the following shows the interaction of science and human values?
the debate over the best way to produce electricity
investigating how a manatee behaves
Determining what causes a disease
using a hypothesis to test an explanation

92. 1–1 A possible explanation for a set of observations is known as data.
a hypothesis.
an inference.
a result.

93. 1–1 A good scientific hypothesis must be correct. able to be tested.
obvious.
based on common sense.

94. 1–2 control. manipulated variable. responding variable.
In an experiment, the variable that is deliberately changed is called the
control.
manipulated variable.
responding variable.
constant control

95. 1–2 biogenesis. Pasteur's theory. spontaneous generation.
The mistaken belief that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter is called
biogenesis.
Pasteur's theory.
spontaneous generation.
Spallanzani’s hypothesis.

96. 1–2 the kind of meat used the temperature the jars were kept
Which of the following was the manipulated variable in Redi’s experiment?
the kind of meat used
the temperature the jars were kept
the gauze covering on some jars
the kind of fly that visited the jars

97. 1–2 hypothesis. variable. control. theory.
A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations is a
hypothesis.
variable.
control.
theory.

98. 1–2 a majority of scientists agree with it.
A scientific explanation does not become a theory until
a majority of scientists agree with it.
it has been supported by evidence from numerous investigations and observations.
it is first proposed as an explanation.
it is published in a textbook.

99. 1-3 growth. metabolism. development. differentiation.
An increase in size is known as
growth.
metabolism.
development.
differentiation.

100. 1-3 use of energy made of cells stable internal environment
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?
use of energy
made of cells
stable internal environment
need for oxygen

101. 1-3 cells, tissues, organs, and organisms
Which of the following are branches in the study of biology?
cells, tissues, organs, and organisms
botany, cell biology, ecology, and zoology
populations, communities, and ecosystems
the genetic code, evolution, and the biosphere

102. 1-3
The genetic code is carried in
Water.
DNA.
proteins.
soil.

103. 1-3 organisms, cells, populations, molecules, ecosystems
Which of the following shows the levels of organization in correct order from the simplest to the most complex?
organisms, cells, populations, molecules, ecosystems
ecosystems, populations, organisms, cells, molecules
molecules, cells, organisms, populations, ecosystems
molecules, organisms, cells, populations, ecosystems

104. 1-4
A single measurement system is commonly used in science because
it allows scientists to easily replicate one another’s experiments.
basic units of mass, length, and volume are unrelated to one another.
more kinds of measurements can be made.
computers can store large amounts of scientific data.

105. 1-4 larger objects with less detail. larger objects with more detail.
Compared to a light microscope, an electron microscope is used to observe
larger objects with less detail.
larger objects with more detail.
smaller objects with more detail.
smaller objects with less detail.

106. 1-4 centrifuge. cell culture. light microscope. electron microscope.
A device that separates cell parts is a
centrifuge.
cell culture.
light microscope.
electron microscope.

107. 1-4 staining. cell fractionation. cell culturing. cell fertilizing.
A technique in which cells are grown in a nutrient solution is known as
staining.
cell fractionation.
cell culturing.
cell fertilizing.

108. 1-4 make sure all materials are available.
When you work in a biology laboratory situation, your first priority should be to
make sure all materials are available.
modify any instructions that do not make sense.
familiarize yourself with all safety rules before beginning to work.
know ahead of time what kinds of results to expect.