1. Hip ultrasound: Why, When, and How?
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Hip ultrasound: Why, When, and How?
Dorothy Bulas M.D.
Children’s National Medical Center
Washington D.C.

2. Disclosure
I have no relevant financial relationships with the manufacturers of any commercial products and/or provider of commercial services discussed in this CME activity
I do not intend to discuss an unapproved use of a commercial product/device in my presentation

3. Objectives
Review the risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
Understand the appropriate work up and follow up of DDH

4. Changes in practice
Use appropriateness criteria to assess for developmental dysplasia.
Selective screening by ultrasound after 2 weeks of age

5. Introduction
Developmental dysplasia of the hip is the preferred term to describe the condition in
which the femoral head has an abnormal relationship to the acetabulum.
DDH is a spectrum of abnormalities
frank dislocation (luxation)
partial dislocation (subluxation)
unstable - femoral head comes in & out of socket
inadequate formation of the acetabulum.

6. DDH Many of these findings may not be present at birth
SO - the term developmental more accurately reflects the biologic features than the term congenital.

7. Early Diagnosis
The earlier a dislocated hip is detected, the simpler and more effective is the treatment.

8. Late Diagnosis
Late dx in children may lead to increased surgical intervention and complications.
Late dx in adults can result in debilitating end-stage degenerative hip joint disease.

9. Why Screen?
Screening decreases the incidence of late diagnosis of DDH.
Despite screening programs, DDH continues to be diagnosed later in infancy /childhood, delaying appropriate therapy
Substantial number of malpractice claims

10. Incidence F:M 6:1 (?hormonal) 1.5 : 1,000 Caucasian Americans
less frequent African Americans.
F:M 6:1 (?hormonal)
The reported incidence influenced by FH,
race,
diagnostic criteria,
experience /training of examiner,
age.

11. Incidence Family History Left hip 3 :1
6% risk - healthy parents & affected child
12% risk - affected parent
36% risk- affected parent & 1 affected child.
Left hip 3 :1
(?related to left occiput anterior positioning of most nonbreech newborns. the left hip resides posteriorly against mother's spine, limiting abduction.)

12. Embryology
Femoral head / acetabulum develop from the same block of primitive mesenchymal cells.
A cleft develops at 7- 8 wks' gestation.
By 11 wks' gestation, development complete.
Acetabulum continues to develop. Fibrocartilaginous labrum surrounds the bony acetabulum deepens the socket.

13. Embryology
Development of femoral head /acetabulum related, normal adult hip joints depend on growth of these structures.

14. Embryology Hip dysplasia may occur in utero, perinatally
during infancy
childhood

15. Embryology
Dislocations divided into 2 types: teratologic/ typical.
Teratologic dislocations occur in utero and often associated with neuromuscular disorders - arthrogryposis/myelodysplasia, or syndromes.
Typical dislocation occurs in otherwise healthy infant - prenatally or postnatally.

16. Embryology Newborn period- laxity of hip capsule
femoral head may spontaneously dislocate and relocate.
If hip spontaneously relocates /stabilizes, hip development is normal.
If subluxation/ dislocation persists structural anatomic changes develop.

17. Embryology
Need deep concentric position of femoral head in acetabulum.
If not, labrum flattens, acetabulum doesn’t grow/remodel and becomes shallow.
If dislocates, inferior capsule pulled up over empty socket.
Adductors contract, limiting hip abduction.
Hip capsule constricts; hip cannot be reduced manually
operative reduction necessary.

18. Embryology At risk 4 periods:
1) 12th gest week- fetal lower limb rotates medially. Teratologic.
2) 18th gest week – hip muscles dev. Myelodysplasia/arthrogryposis lead to Teratologic dislocations
3) Final 4 weeks of gestation Oligohydramnios/breech. Breech 3% of births, DDH up to 23%. Frank breech hip flexion /knee extension at highest risk.
4) Postnatal period -swaddling, combined with ligamentous laxity Typical

19. Risk Factors Family history Breech Oligohydramnios Foot deformities
Torticollis

20. Clinical evaluation Evolves - clinical exam changes.
Should be performed at each well-baby visit until 12 months.
Newborn relaxed, examined on firm surface.

21. Physical Exam No signs are pathognomonic for a dislocated hip.
Asymmetrical gluteal folds (best observed prone)
Apparent limb length discrepancy
Restricted motion

22. Ortolani Sign- elicits sensation of dislocated hip reducing
supine, index / middle fingers placed at greater trochanter , thumb along inner thigh.
The hip is flexed to 90°
Gently abducted while lifting the leg anteriorly.
"clunk" felt as dislocated head reduces into acetabulum.

23. Barlow Sign- detects unstable hip dislocating from acetabulum
Supine hips flexed to 90°.
Leg adducted while posterior pressure on knee.
Palpable clunk as head exits acetabulum.
Forceful /repeated exam can break the seal b/w labrum /femoral head.

24. Physical Exam after 3 months
By weeks, capsule laxity decreases, muscle tightness increases
Barlow /Ortolani maneuvers no longer positive.
After 3 mos, limitation of abduction most reliable sign.
Discrepancy of leg lengths.

25. Physical Exam
False negative exam - Acetabular dysplasia may have no subluxation/ dislocation.
False Positive exam - <1 mos NORMALLY increased capsular laxity - subluxation due to maternal estrogens
Equivocal examination
asymmetric thigh or buttock creases
Apparent or true short leg,
Limited abduction.

26. Can Radiographs help?

27. Radiographs Radiographs readily available, low cost.
In neonate- femoral heads cartilage, limited
Displacement and instability undetectable
4 - 6 months, radiographs more reliable, when ossification center develops.

28. Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip Radiologic Findings
Acetabular index
slope of acetabular roof > 30 0
Line of Hilgenreiner
triradiate cartilage
Perkins line (vertical)
Femoral epiphysis in inner lower quadrant
Shenton’s curve

31. Negative radiograph does not R/O dislocation

32. Arthrogaphy

33. Sonographic Evaluation
No sedation, no radiation
Rapid
Noninvasive
Inexpensive
Cartilage visualized can assess the stability of the hip and the morphologic features of the acetabulum.

34. Methods Graf method – single coronal plane
Dynamic or real-time method- Harcke- assesses the hip for stability of femoral head in socket, as well as static anatomy.
With both techniques, considerable interobserver variability, especially during the first 3 weeks of life.

35. Sonographic Evaluation
Assess
Acetabular depth
Position of limbus
Stability of hip

37. Ac Acetabular cartilage
C Capsule
G Gluteus muscles
GT Greater trochanter
H Cartilaginous femoral head
IL Ilium
Is Ischium
L Labrum
LT/P Ligamentum teres/ pulvinar complex
M Femoral metaphysis
Tr Triradiate cartilage

39. Graph Technique
Single coronal image emphasizes acetabular development

40. Graf Technique
Type 1: normal α angle > 60o

41. Graf Technique -Type II : α 44-60o, β 55-88o
IIa < 3 months immature acetabulum (40-59%)
No referral required
IIb,c,d require referral for treatment

42. Graf Technique Type III : α <44o, β>77o Low displacement
Type IV : completely dislocated
Immediate therapy

43. Coronal Harke method

44. Acetabular Coverage >50%

45. Acetabular Coverage >50%

48. 40% Coverage

49. 33% Coverage

50. 20% Coverage

51. Dislocated

53. Dynamic Sonography-Technique
Supine or lateral
Coronal view at rest neutral or flexed
stress view optional
Transverse flexion view with stress

55. A

56. Ac Acetabular cartilage
G Gluteus muscles
GT Greater trochanter
H Cartilaginous femoral head
Is Ischium
L Labrum
LT/P Ligamentum teres/pulvinar complex
M Femoral metaphysis
Pu Pubis
Tr Triradiate cartilage

57. A A

58. A

62. Stress - Stable

63. Stress - unstable

65. Dislocated

66. Dislocated

68. Calcified femoral epiphysis

69. 3 month
old

70. Peterlein et al BMC Pediatr. 2010 24;10:98
Peterlein et al BMC Pediatr ;10:98. Reproducibility of different screening classifications in US of the newborn hip.
Concordance of 2 classifications of hip morphology and subjective parameters by 3 investigators w/different levels of experience.
METHODS: 207 newborns: α-angle and β-angle,"femoral head coverage" (FHC) shape of bony roof and position of cartilaginous roof.
RESULTS: shape of bony roof (0.97) and position of cartilaginous roof (1.0) demonstrated high intra-observer reproducibility.
Best results were achieved for α-angle, followed by β-angle then FHC.
CONCLUSIONS: Higher measurement differences in objective scorings. Variations by every investigator irrespective of level of experience

71. Follow up Can perform exam in Pavlik Harness
Perform out of harness only if requested and/or hip appears stable
Once femoral head ossifies difficult to assess position.

73. Treatment Dislocated – treat Stable – don’t treat
Unstable (lax not displaced)
? Early treatment or observation??
80% normalize

75. 1mos old
3 wk FU

76. 3 wk old
1 month FU in Harness

77. DDH - 35%

78. One month later

79. FU 6 weeks

80. Follow Up

81. Should we Screen? There is no consensus on imaging screening for DDH.
Screening balanced between the benefits of early detection of DDH and the increased treatment and cost factors.

82. Who? Universal Newborn Screening pro- treat early
con-over treat minor abnormalities that resolve
Considerable resources
Late cases missed
Higher rate of therapy?
Higher rate of avscular necrosis?

83. Universal Screening
Randomized trials evaluating primary US screening did not find significant decrease in late diagnosis of DDH.
This practice is yet to be validated by clinical trial.

84. Who? Selective screening
AAP US recommended as adjunct to clinical evaluation. technique of choice to clarify physical finding, assess high-risk infant, and monitor DDH as is observed or treated.
Can guide treatment and may prevent overtreatment

85. Who? In the United States, hip US is selectively performed Club foot
Torticollis
Females in breech position
Optional males in breech position
Optional females with positive FH
Inconclusive PE

86. Studies – Selective Screening
British 10 yr prospective of 34,723
2,578 clinical instability or risk factor
77 unstable - 31% risk factor
Irish 52,893 infants
US – 5,484 with FH, breech, click.
18 dislocatable,153 (2.73%) dysplastic /1000 required Rx
33 center United Kingdom Hip Trial
found reduces splinting, and no increase in surgical Rx

87. Preterm infants DDH may be unrecognized.
When the infant has cardiorespiratory problems, the diagnosis and management are focused on providing appropriate ventilatory and cardiovascular support, careful examination may be deferred until a later date.
The most complete examination the infant receives may occur at the time of discharge from the hospital, and this single exam may not detect subluxation or dislocation.
critical to examine the entire child.

91. When?
PRO - US can detect abnormal position, instability, and dysplasia not evident on clinical examination.
CON - during the first month minor degrees of instability and acetabular immaturity.
nearly all mild early findings not be apparent on PE, resolve spontaneously without treatment.
Newborn screening - high frequency of reexamination and hips being unnecessarily treated.
screening with higher false-pos results yields increased prevention of late cases.

92. When? pro con Screen those at risk at 4-6 wks (9%)
less expense,simpler process
fewer false positives
con
miss late cases

93. Hip Evaluation

94. What are the AAP recommendations?
All newborns screened by PE by a properly trained health care provider (Evidence strong.)
US of all newborns is not recommended. (Evidence fair; consensus is strong.)
Although indirect evidence supports US screening of all newborns, not advocated –
operator-dependent,
availability is questionable,
increases treatment,
interobserver variability is high,
increased costs.

95.  3. If positive Ortolani or Barlow sign found in the newborn, refer to an orthopaedist.
4. If results of the PE at birth are "equivocally" positive (ie, soft click, mild asymmetry,), FU hip exam by the pediatrician in 2 weeks is recommended. (Evidence is good; consensus is strong.)

96. The hips must be examined at every well-baby visit
(2–4 days for newborns discharged in less than 48 hours after delivery, 1 mos, 2 mos, 4 mos, 6 mos, 9 mos, 12 mos).
If DDH is suspected confirmation made by a focused PE, by consultation with another pediatrician, orthopaedist, by US if the infant is < 5 months of age, or by radiography if the infant > 4 months of age.

97. Conclusions
US has become the standard of care in the evaluation of the neonate with possible developmental dysplasia of the hip.
Availability widespread, however, accurate results require training and experience.

98. Changes in practice
Use appropriateness criteria to assess for developmental dysplasia.
Selective screening by ultrasound after 2 weeks of age

99. AAP Clinical Practice Guideline: Early Detection of DDH
Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip