1. Discovery & Exploration of the New World

2. Background to Exploration
476 A.D A.D. Middle Ages:
Crusades
Renaissance
mercantilism
Tea, spices, silk, fruits, cotton brought back
Europeans want to enter into trade
Begin to explore so they have the monopoly of the resources

3. The World in 1400

4. The Vikings Came from Norway, Sweden, Denmark
Erik the Red- a great Viking discovered Iceland
950- discovered Greenland
1000- Leif Erikson discovered Newfoundland
and settled it
Not given much credit because did not have a record of settlement

5. The Vikings

6. The Life of a Sailor

7. Where is the ship’s name?
If you were a sailor how would you find your ship?

8. The Captain The captain of the ship needed funding manpower
support from a rich benefactor.
Most voyages during the fourteenth century were made in the name of the royal ruler of a particular government.
The ships that the royal leaders provided were not always new, but the captain took what he was given.

9. The captain himself was not always an experienced seaman.
Desire for wealth or political favor were often his only motivations for undertaking dangerous voyages.
He could be a merchant, adventurer, soldier, or gentleman of the court.
Under his command were:
the pilot or first mate (who was in charge of navigation)
the crew (who worked the sails and rigging and made repairs to the ship while in uncharted waters).

10. The Crew
The crewmen who signed on to these long and dangerous voyages were not the most experienced seamen
large numbers of them were needed
to help man the sails
allow for attrition due to illness and death.

11. I’m Hungry!
In the days of the old wooden sailing ships, food and fresh water was always a problem, therefore feeding a hardworking crew would have been very difficult.
There was no electricity therefore no refrigeration and the only fuel source to provide hot food were wood burning stoves.

12. When do we eat? Little cooking was done at sea.
Food often consisted of:
pickled or dried meat
ship's biscuits (made from flour with a little water to make them hard). By the end of the voyage, these biscuits would be full of black insects called weevils.
cheese,
onions,
dried beans
salted fish or recently caught fresh fish.

13. Without fresh fruit and vegetables, which contain vitamin C, sailors suffered from a fatal condition called scurvy.
Water supply was another serious problem. Fresh water did not always keep in barrels and wine turned sour.
Fresh water was the first thing the crew looked for whenever the ship reached land.

14. Where did they get the expression “three square meals a day”?
The ships carpenter would make plates for the crew and the easiest way to make a plate was to cut a square section piece of wood.
Square shaped plates could be stowed away easily and wooden ones would not break no matter how violent the ships movement might become.

15. So when the sea allowed and there was sufficient food available, every effort would have been made to provide the crew with a hot edible meal.
This would have been collected from the galley and eaten with relish on the mess deck table utilizing the square section plate.

16. Did You Know?
To overcome scurvy, Royal Naval ships crews were given a daily ration of Lime juice and even today the Navy makes this ration available when certain arduous conditions prevail.
This was noticed by the Americans before the war of independence and hence the English are still referred to as "Limeys" to this day.

17. Press Gangs The early press gangs operated within the law.
They would frequent the bars on the lookout for any young, strong and fit looking male.
They would persuade the poor fellow into volunteering as they bought the beers
the poor wretch would awake from his drunken sleep to find himself on one of his Majesty's Warships.
He was now subject to the full rigors of military discipline, so there was no turning back

18. Press gangs would often use trickery.
When the victim was not looking, they would drop a shilling into his tankard of ale.
Having drunk the ale, the victim was classed as having accepted the Kings shilling and therefore had "Volunteered" to serve on a Warship.

19. Any argument and the "Volunteer" was knocked unconscious only to come round as a fully paid up crew member, so once again there was no turning back.
The landlords in charge of these port bars were rapidly losing their customers with this trick, so they introduced the glass bottom tankard.
Press gangs soon realized that they could keep these shillings for themselves if they simply used force and kidnapped the victim.
This became common place.

20. Portugal Reasons for Exploration~
Portugal wanted to break the monopoly of Venice and Genoa with trade to the East
“mercantilism”
Portugal wanted power
Decided to sail around Africa to get to the East (Cape of Good Hope)
Warfare in the Mediterranean

21. Portugal Prince Henry the Navigator~ Son of King
Set up a school to train sailors and study exploration
Taught how to use a compass and an astrolabe
Find location with longitude and latitude
Continued to sail and set up trading posts
Reached bottom of Africa in 1490

22. Portugal: Famous explorers
Bartholomew Diaz~
(Bartolomeu Dias)
Reached the bottom of Africa
Went back to tell Prince Henry
Made them feel that they can do it

23. Portugal: Famous explorers
Vasco de Gama~
1498 sailed around Africa and reached Asia
Brought back all things Italians were selling
Now began to trade
Lowered their prices so people bought their products
Gained the MONOPOLY!

24. Portugal Famous explorers:
Pedro Cabral~
Started sailing
Hit a hurricane in 1502
Landed in Brazil and claimed for Portugal

25. Portuguese territory in New World
Only territory was the accidental claim in Brazil

26. Spain Reasons for Exploration~
Saw Portugal getting wealthy and decided they wanted to also
Columbus thought to sail West to reach the Indies

27. Spain Ferdinand and Isabella~
Started the exploration which leads to Spanish empire in new world
They financed Columbus and his voyage

28. Famous Spanish Explorers:
Christopher Columbus~
Really thought he reached Asia
Died in 1506
Discovered a new continent
Landed in San Salvador in 1492, Bahamas
Made 4 voyages 1492, 1493, 1498, 1502
Changed history

29. Columbus Man behind the myth

30. At 2 a.m. on October 12, 1492, the lookout on the Pinta sighted land, "a white sand cliff gleaming in the moonlight on the western horizon.“
When daylight came, they edged closer to the island. Small boats were lowered from the three caravels, as natives gathered on the beach, naked and shy.
Columbus and his officers came ashore, planting the royal flag of Ferdinand and Isabella, and gave thanks to God.

31. They were on the island of Guanahani, but beginning a practice which would last for 500 years
they promptly ignored the name the islanders called their home and named the island San Salvador
then knelt in prayers of thanks to a God the islanders knew nothing about

32. Columbus believed that he had landed on an island off the coast of China, and called the people "Indios", or Indians.
He never saw the mainland of North America.

33. Columbus set out to prove the earth was round.
At the end of the 15th Century, most everyone knew the earth was a sphere.
What was in question, however, was the size of the earth--its circumference.
Columbus underestimated the size of the earth by one-fourth

34. Queen Isabella sold the crown jewels to pay for Columbus' voyage
The queen may have suggested this at some point, but her financial advisers assured her that there were other ways to finance the enterprise.

35. The crown had to put up very little money from the treasury.
One way was to make the city of Palos pay back a debt to the crown by providing two of the ships.
Another way was to get Italian financial backing for part of the expenses.
The crown had to put up very little money from the treasury.

36. Several hundred sailors were aboard the three caravels on the initial voyage in The ships were relatively large for the anticipated long journey on an unpredictable sea.

37. Only 90 men made the first voyage of discovery.
The ships were quite tiny by modern standards--no longer than a tennis court, and less than 30 feet wide.
The Santa Maria had 40 men aboard, the Pinta, 26, and the Nina, 24.
Only the Nina and the Pinta returned to Spain, as the Santa Maria was shipwrecked on Christmas Day, 1492.

38. 39 men volunteered to stay behind at the fortress called "La Navidad" on the northern coast of present-day Haiti
(they all perished at the hands of the Indians prior to the return of Columbus the following year).

39. The crew of the three ships on the voyage of discovery was made up mainly of criminals.

40. The crew was primarily comprised of seasoned sailors from the towns of Palos and Moure, Spain, thanks to the efforts of the Pinzon brothers.
Just in case Columbus might have had trouble attracting a crew, the crown did offer amnesty to criminals.
However, only four criminals were on board: one a convicted murderer (he killed a man in a quarrel); the other three, accused of freeing him from prison.

41. Several sailors died on the way.
The initial voyage from Spain to the new world was perilous--fraught with bad weather and lack of food.
Several sailors died on the way.

42. No one died on the maiden voyage.
There was enough food aboard for one year.
The weather was almost ideal--no storms were encountered.
However, on the return trip to Spain there was a major hurricane which almost destroyed the two remaining ships.

43. Columbus set foot on North American soil

44. Columbus never saw North America.
His first landfall was in the Bahamas.
While in anchor of St. Croix (USVI) on November 14, 1493, some of Columbus' crew experienced the first hostile encounter with the Indians.
Five days later he landed at San Juan Bautista, now Puerto Rico.

45. Later he would visit the northeastern tip of South America and the eastern coast of Central America, but never mainland U.S.A.
The fact is that Columbus never admitted that he had discovered a new continent

46. There was a priest on board the Santa Maria in 1492.

47. There were no friars or priests on the first voyage in 1492, despite Columbus' deep religious fervor.
Many of the paintings of the first landfall in the new world on San Salvador show a priest with Columbus--contrary to the facts.
There were five priests on the second voyage.

48. Columbus died a pauper, in chains, in a Spanish prison

49. Despite the fact that the Spanish crown retracted some of the privileges promised to Columbus, he was a relatively rich man at the time of his death.
Although he returned to Spain in chains in 1500 after his third voyage, the King and Queen apologized for the misunderstanding and had them removed.

50. Columbus died quietly at the age of 55 in Valladolid, Spain, on May 20, 1506 in his own apartment attended by family and friends.

51. Columbus is buried in Santo Domingo, the Dominican Republic.

52. There is much controversy surrounding the whereabouts of the remains of Columbus.
There are records of the transferal of his remains on different occasions, so that it is possible that parts of his remains are in several locations.

53. The prevailing belief, however, is that his primary burial place is in the Cathedral of Seville, Spain,
with some of his bones or ashes in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic,
and some in Genoa, Italy.
At one time they were in Cuba

54. Where in the New World is San Salvador?
Columbus's arrival point in the New World is still contested.

55. SOME OTHER INTERESTING FACTS
WOMEN were not on the first or second voyages of Columbus.
The first women colonists appeared in 1498, when Columbus was allowed to recruit one woman for every ten emigrants on the third voyage.

56. HORSES were introduced to the new world by Columbus on his second voyage.

57. SEVENTEEN SHIPS and over twelve-hundred men made up "The Grand Fleet" of the second voyage in 1493.
TOBACCO was introduced into Europe because of Columbus' discovery of its use by the Indians.

59. Source: International Columbian Quincentenary Alliance

60. Famous Spanish Explorers:
Amerigo Vespucci~
North and South America named after him
Unclear if he was ever there
Did not want to sail for Italy

61. Famous Spanish Explorers:
Balboa~
1st of the Spanish Conquistadores found Panama and walked across it to Pacific Ocean
Claimed all the land that the Pacific touched for Spain

62. Famous Spanish Explorers:
Ferdinand Magellan~
Proved that there was a new continent and earth was round
1st to sail all around the world
Never finished voyage, died in the Philippines by the natives
ships and 200 men sailed through the Strait of Magellan to the Pacific
1522- last ship with 18 men came back to Spain

64. Famous Spanish Explorers:
Hernando Cortez~
He popularized the new world
Landed in New Mexico
Conquered the Aztecs and took all the gold and silver (millions of dollars)
Sent all of the wealth back to Spain

65. Famous Spanish Explorers:
Francisco Pizarro~
Conquered Incas and took all of their wealth
Established wealth for Spain

66. Famous Spanish Explorers:
Ponce de Leon~
Left Cuba and went to look for Fountain of Youth
Found Florida and established the 1st Spanish settlement at St. Augustine

67. Famous Spanish Explorers:
Hernando de Soto~
Went looking for gold and silver and found the Mississippi River
He died and his crew threw him over board into river
Claimed all land touching the River for Spain

68. Famous Spanish Explorers:
Francisco Coronado~
He was told by Natives of the 7 cities of Gold
Explored all western lands
Never found the cities
Killed Indian guide
Claimed all land for Spain

69. Territory claimed and settled by Spain
All territory in New World divided land into 2 parts
South American countries (excluding Brazil) under control of viceroy of Spain
Florida, American Southwest, California, Mexico, Central America, Spanish Islands in West Indies

70. Spain Sources of Wealth~ Important Settlements~
Gold and silver from Native nations and tribes
Natives became slaves to the production
Natives were used until the African Slave Trade was used
Important Settlements~
Mexico City
St. Augustine
Lima
Havana
Vera Cruz

71. France Reasons for Exploration~ MERCANTILISM
Start looking for Northwest Passage to get to Asia
Found Artic Ocean

73. Famous French Explorers:
Jacques Cartier~
sent by King of France
Found St. Lawrence River
Claimed land around for France
He went back to King and told him that he found the route to Asia

74. Famous French Explorers:
*Samuel de Champlain~
“Father of New France”
1608: established the city of Quebec
1st white man to explore great lakes
Made wealth for France
Began the Fur Trade between the Natives and the French

75. Famous French Explorers:
Marquette & Joliet~
Marquette was a priest and Joliet was a fur trader
Continued exploration of Great Lakes
Explored upper Mississippi
Claimed all land for France

76. Famous French Explorers:
Robert de LaSalle~
Sailed Mississippi River and claimed for France
Spain had already claimed
French settled New Orleans and received the land because had the settlers

77. Territory Claimed and Settled by France
New France
2 parts
Along the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes
Louisiana to the Great Lakes and Gulf of Mexico, between the Appalachian Mountains and Rocky Mountains
France had established forts for fur trading and had more settlers

78. France Source of Wealth~ Important Settlements~ Fur trade with Natives
French traders treated the natives as equal
Important Settlements~
Quebec, Montreal, New Orleans

79. England Reason for Exploration~ MERCANTILISM
Desire to find Northwest Passage

81. Famous English Explorers
John & Sebastian Cabot~
Italian explorers working for the British
1st voyage landed in Northern New England
Claimed all territory for England
Never returned home after 2nd voyage

82. Famous English Explorers
Sir Frances Drake~
Pirate who loved to rob Spanish treasure ships
Went on a voyage around the world
2nd to do so,
1st to survive
Claimed south eastern U.S. for England

83. Famous English Explorers
Martin Frobisher & Humphrey Gilbert~
Looking for Northwest passage
No way to get through because of ice
Humphrey Gilbert's world map, Humphrey Gilbert's world map, 1576

84. Famous English Explorers
Henry Hudson~
Again looking for Northwest Passage
Sailed into Hudson Bay (after Dutch voyage to River)
Never came back
Left there

85. England Territory claimed and settled by England~ East Coast
Maine- Georgia
Area around Hudson Bay

86. Holland Reasons for Exploration~ Henry Hudson~
MERCANTILISM
Henry Hudson~
Discovered Hudson River and claimed all land near for Holland
Territory claimed and settled by Holland~
Claimed all land around Hudson River
Long Island, Manhattan, Albany, Northern Jersey

87. Sweden Territory claimed and settled by Sweden~ Sent 1 ship
Claimed Wilmington, Delaware
South Jersey
Build 1st log cabin in America

88. RESULTS OF EXPLORATION
Competition between European nations for monopolies
New discovered continents for settlement
Created wealth
Proved world was round
Increase and decrease of Empires