1. Public Finance & Illicit Financial Flows: Evidence and Agenda
Ah Maftuchan - Researcher at PRAKARSA – Jakarta, Indonesia
Presentation in Session 2 of Reversing the Resource Curse Conference
Accra, Ghana; August 25-27, 2013

2. Outline Introduction – financing development
Overview of illicit financial flows (IFFs)
Evidence of IFFs in global & selected area (Asia / Africa)
Public financing and illicit financial flows  relations & effect
Research and advocacy agenda

3. Financing for development
Development financing is one the heated topics in the debate of global development because it involves huge amount of money;
Sources of development financing: domestic & foreign financing. Domestic financing (tax and non-tax revenues) and foreign financing (assistance/donations, foreign investment, international trade, foreign debt, remittance etc);
If a poor country cannot finance their own development (because its national revenues is very small), others countries could give assistance/ODA in form of technical assistance or cash;
ODA cannot be the only source of development financing because it is not sustainable and insignificant (especially for emerging countries). Therefore, mobilization of domestic resources is urgent.

4. Tax and Public Finance
Tax is one of the most heated issues in policy debates in many countries, and it has become a transnational issue;
Domestic resources such as taxes and remittances of migrant workers are more significant for financing development (Greenhill and Prizzon, 2012);
Taxes are the main revenues for the government. However, taxation often faces political pressure and illicit financial flows (tax evasion, money laundering, and secrecy jurisdictions), which are now perceived as important obstacles to development.

5. Illicit Financial Flows?
Illicit financial flows (IFFs) refer to money that is ‘illegally earned, transferred, or utilized. If it breaks laws in its origin, movement or use it merits the label’ (Global Financial Integrity / GFI);
The money which are moved across borders originate from three major sources: corruption, criminal activity, and cross border tax evasion (Tax Justice Network, 2011);
This money is strategically shifted from developing economies into the global shadow of financial system to facilitate kick- backs, bribery, and other forms of grand corruption, thereby making basic day-to-day services more expensive and less efficient (ASAP, 2012);
Illicit financial flows is dirty business practices, an informal economy with a jurisdiction that facilitate the practices of tax evasion/avoidance, as exemplified by the existence of many countries categorized as tax havens (Fuest & Riedel, 2009).

6. The most common sources of IFFs and the patterns of circulation of illicit and licit funds
Methods through which licit funds are circulated & become illicit
Tax Avoidance & Tax Evasion
Licit Sources
Methods through which illicit funds are circulated to be hidden/used by criminals
Money laundering conducted by the criminals involved in the illicit activities
Illicit Income Generating Activities
(e.g., drug trafficking, corruption, smuggling, domestic tax evasion)
Source (adapted): Fontana & Hansen-Shino, 2012.

7. Evidence: Global #1
It is estimated that about % of international trades take place within multinational corporations: that is, across national boundaries but within the same corporate group (Tax Justice Network, 2012);
Trade mispricing was found to account for an average of 80,1% and corruption, bribery, criminal activities account for an average of 19,9% of cumulative illicit financial flows from developing countries over the period (GFI, 2012).
Conservatively estimated, illicit financial flows have increased in every region of developing countries. From to 2010, developing countries lost US$ 5.86 trillion to illicit outflows (GFI, 2012).

8. Evidence: Global #2
In average, from 2001 to 2010, developing countries lost US$ billion/year to illicit financial outflows (GFI, 2012);
Conservatively estimated, from 2001 to 2010, developing countries lost potential taxes US$ 190 billion/year because of the operation of “tax havens” (ASAP, 2012);
Conservatively estimated, from 2001 to 2010, developing countries lost potential taxes US$ 100 bilion/year, if Tobin Tax is implemented (ASAP, 2012);
For every US$ 1 that goes into developing countries as foreign assistance (ODA), US$ 10 goes out through these illicit means (GFI, 2012);
Every US$80 of illicit financial flows is equal to US$ 1 spent on basic social services (ASAP, 2012).

9. Illicit Financial Flows in Real Terms ; Regional Shares in Developing World Total 1/ (Kar & Freitas, GFI, 2012)

10. IFFs of 33 Sub-Saharan African countries (1970 –2010): US$ 814 billion
Source: “Capital Flight from Sub-Saharan African Countries: Updated Estimates, 1970 – 2010” (JK. Boyce & L. Ndikumana, 2012)

11. Overview of Indonesia Tax System
Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia, 2012

12. Number of Indonesian taxpayers over time
Source: Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia, 2012.
Note:
Indonesia is a “lower middle income country” with GDP US$ billion (2012), GNI per capita (PPP) US$ 4,480 (2011) and with total population million (2012). But, total number of taxpayers (individuals and corporation) only 20,4 million taxpayers (2010). Based on the data, number of taxpayers is very low. The potential taxpayers can be increased until 50 million (individual-wealth person, employed, self-employed, and corporation).

13. Evidence: Indonesia’ #1 (Tax Ratio)

14. Cont..
Indonesia is a member of G20 with the lowest tax ratio among the G20 members;
Indonesia’s tax ratio (per-GDP) in the last five years has been less than 14%  2007 (12,4 %), (13,3 %), 2009 (11,0%), 2010 (11,3%), (11,8%), 2012 (12,7%);
The Indonesia’s tax ratio shows that the government performance in collecting tax is not optimal. It also shows that there is no significant expansion of tax base and that the awareness of the people to pay tax is still low (Budiantoro & Prastowo, 2012).

15. Evidence: Indonesia’ #2
Self-employed individuals are not captured by the withholding system, and no systematic approach exists for assessing their tax liabilities as a substantial scope for broadening the tax base;
Tax revenue does not reflect the principle of justice. Wealthy people contributing 1,2% of total tax reveneue and employees contributing 18,6% of total tax reveneue (2010);
The wealthy individuals do not give significant contribution while the employees give more significant contribution.

16. Indonesia’s tax structure compared OECD & ASEAN (as % of GDP, 2010)

17. Evidence: Indonesia’ #3 (High Illicit Flows)
Indonesia ranks 9 among 20 countries that have the highest illicit financial flows in the world;
From , the total amount of Indonesia’s illicit financial outflows was around US$ 123 billion (GFI, 2012);
Annual illicit financial outflows from Indonesia is US$ 10,9 billion (± Rp 110 triliun/year).

18. Top 20 Countries’ Cumulative Illicit Financial Flows (Kar & Freitas, GFI, 2012; US$ billions)

19. Effect of IFFs The effect of illicit flows i.e.:
The amount of illicit flows exceed flows from aid to developing countries: lower revenues  greater reliance on aid & loans;
Corruption probably accounts for a larger proportion of illicit flows coming out of the least-developed countries that are dependent on aid  eroded tax base  fewer public goods & services
Illicit flows have much greater negative economic impact, including on the functioning of the state in developing countries  more financial ‘burden’ to legitimate business  incentives to bribe or to evade;
Illicit flows are a central component of the world economy, and corruption cannot be fought effectively in developing countries without developed countries playing their part to stop the ‘illicit inflows’.

20. CSOs Proposed Agenda
consolidating CSOs working groups at the national, regional and global level to address tax issues;
developing practical tools for research & advocacy on tax and IFFs;
capacity building for CSOs and think-tank groups on research-monitoring-estimating IFFs  country by country, regions and worldwide;
developing global partnership between governments and CSOs to counter illicit flows as proposed in the Post development financing agenda;
corporate accountability and transparency advocacy.

21. Finish Thank you for your attention Ah Maftuchan
Social Policy & Governance Specialist
Perkumpulan Prakarsa
Komplek Rawa Bambu I Blok A No 8-E RT 010 RW 06
Pasar Minggu | Jakarta Selatan | Indonesia | 12520
Phone: | Fax: | Mobile: | | | | Website: theprakarsa.org/